Commodore PET – The Worlds First Personal Computer

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Commodore PET – The Worlds First Personal Computer

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Commodore PET History:

Written by Ian Matthews in February 2003
Last Updated Nov 29 2018

Commodore PET - The Worlds First Personal ComputerFirst announced and demonstrated in January of 1977 at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago, months before the Apple II or Radio Shack TRS80, the Commodore PET was the worlds first Personal Computer.  (See the note at the bottom of this leaf for a verification of this date).

The PET came completely functional out of the box with:

  • a keyboard including a distinct numeric pad (almost entirely unheard of at the time, equal as an option)
  • a 9″ unified Blue and White monitor
  • a chief commission with the powerful new 1 Mhz MOS 6502 processor
  • many enlargement sockets additional RAM or a Processor board
  • 4K of memory
  • power supply
  • a cassette strip run which was a practical retention equipment for the time
  • several enlargement ports including an RS232 (serial) port
  • ability to grip and create fantastic graphics (for the time)
  • upper and lesser case text
  • an functioning system that was burned onto a ROM part and loaded on boot… WOW that was cool

All this was wrapped up in a firm steel, fine looking, pale chassis.  The prototype PET’s chassis (shown in the photo at the top of this page) used rounded edges that was apt designed by Ira Velinsky.  Commodore was a notable manufacturer of metal filing cabinets so whenever it came period for production, they decided to use the now acquainted square cases to keep manufacturing expenses down.

1970s-home-computers-altair-8800-southwest-technical-6800-imsa-8048-sol

Altair 8800, Southwest Technical 6800, IMSA 8048, Processor Technology SOL

The PET was a revelation as all previous home computers were small additional than circuit boards that could lone be understood by difficult center enthusiasts akin the members of the Home Brew Computer clubs.

inside-commodore-pet-fig3_et_feb78

Inside the Commodore PET

The archetypal prototype PET demonstrated at the 1977 Consumer Electronics Show had been cobbled together in a hurry and on the cheap.  It had a chassis made of timber and a image pipe taken from a $90 dreary and pale TV that MOS bought from a local hardware store.

The visionary engineer rearward this project was Chuck Peddle.  The worlds archetypal Personal Computer was not prepared equal a week before the display and in the three days foremost up to CES, Chuck worked 20 hours a day getting the PET prototype functional; he completed this now historic project only a few hours before the doors opened.

A twelvemonth earlier, in the fountain of 1976 Chuck Peddle, who worked not for Commodore but for MOS Technologies‘, completed betterment of the versatile and extremely cheap MOS 6502 processor.  He and his mostly ex-Motorola colleagues developed the KIM-1 “Computer Trainer” to display off the functionality of this landmark new part but that was lone the start.  Chuck developed the PET idea and took it to Radio Shack expecting to have them retailing it for him but they were not interested.  Soon after, in the summer of 1977, Commodore’s founder Jack Tramiel took a three myriad dollar debt justify from Canada’s Irving Gould to buy Pennsylvania based MOS Technologies, its staff, its patents, it production facilities, alongside alongside the PET concept.

commodore-pet-2001-chicklet-keyboard-fig7_et_feb78

Commodore PET 2001 Chicklet Keyboard 1978

At the period Commodore manufactured agency equipment akin filing cabinets but its biggest business was in calculators so it is no astonishment that the first production Commodore PET 2001’s had a sheet metal element chassis and calculator manner keys dubbed “chiclet keyboards”.  These 47 lb beasts were all manufactured in Commodore’s first (and abbreviated lived) U.S. facility located in Palo Alto California.

commodore-pet-2001-factory-1978There are multiple rumours about the origin of the name PET.  Officially it was an acronym for  Personal Electronic Transactor, but P.E.T. are additionally the initials of originator Jack Tramiel’s wife.  Whatever the origin, Jack idea that PET “sounded” fine and would have several affirmative linkage alongside the Pet Rock fad of the delayed 1970’s.

The PET made the shield of  the  October 1977 Popular Science, had a small compose up in the February 1978 Playboy and had a extremely engaging and detailed assessment from the shield of  the February 1978 Electronics Today.

During the archetypal few months Commodore could lone create concerning 30 machines per day so they could not encounter the huge demand. They managed to collect a meager 500 machines in its archetypal year.

commodore_pet_want_whats_best_kit_spencer_england_practicle_computing_july_1980

UK PET Advert – Kit Spencer – Choose Commodore Software

commodore-pet-2001_Booklet-coverThe four kilobyte PET’s (yes that is 4096 bytes which equates to a whopping 4096 characters!) were offered through mail order for $495 and a three to six week wait. Immediately orders starting flowing in and so Jack Tramiel quickly adjusted the cost to $595.  Then the $795 8K example was actively promoted and the 4K example was downplayed by indicating 8K machines would container much sooner than 4K machines.

When Commodore expanded to Europe in 1978 Jack doubled the cost for the identical device but the lone bodily alter was a 220 watt power supply. The UK \ EU models were sold under the Commodore PET 3008 3016 and 3032 badges.  As was nearly continually the case in those days, Jack’s instincts were right; the re-branded but alternatively identical 3000 sequence and connected forthcoming models were extremely prosperous in the European markets at the higher prices.

cbm_front-meeting-the-needs

CBM Brochure – Meeting The Needs of Professionals

The COMMODORE BASIC Operating System was written by Bill Gates and Paul Allen from their fledgling Micro-Soft Corporation  (later renamed to Microsoft Corporation).  Commodore Basic was the lone unlimited application licence always granted by Microsoft to any business for all products despite of the number of copies used.  Commodore went on to create exactly millions of machines alongside assorted forms of Commodore Basic and did not pay Microsoft a sole cent beyond the first licence acquisition in 1976/7.

The PET was a big hit and in these first days of computers. Commodore was receiving as many as 50 requests a day from small, would be device stores that wanted to market the PET.  Jack was in the luxurious stance of being capable to choice and choose his dealers.  He insisted all stores have:

  • a fine endeavor history
  • a retailing shop front
  • an in shop assistance technician
  • a parts inventory, and most importantly
  • pay Commodore a prosperity deposit ongoing for all orders

commodore-pet_plus2041-floppy

Commodore PET affirmative 2041 Floppy Disk Drive

Within a twelvemonth Commodore had adequate negative feedback concerning their nearly unusable chiclet keyboard that they decided to current a norm keyboard model.  To create area for the “real” keyboard, they had to eliminate the integrated cassette strip drive.  Just following that, the costly metal cases were replaced alongside cheaper synthetic cases. By 1980 the PET had a massive 12″ green and pale detect version, dubbed the “Fat 40” which afterward became standard.

commodore-pet-keyboard-rightI recall purchasing my Commodore PET 4016 alongside 9″ screen, strip run and a 2031 170K sole floppy run for concerning CDN$2000 (adjusting for cost increase that is concerning $6000 in 2018!) from my local dealer in Belleville, Ontario in concerning 1980. I motionless own that equipment and all devices activity akin the day they remaining the factory. (Click on the keyboard image to the correct to see that PET.)  At the period Canadian $ were fair improved than ‘par’ alongside American $ and that Commodore was a Canadian business alongside grave operations in Toronto, fair a two hours from my house.

commodore-pet-vic-20-superpet-education_experience_2

Commodore Education Brochure – PET, SuperPET, 2041 Disk, VIC-20, Printers

Commodore developed many revisions of the PET hardware and firmware, perchance the most interesting of which is the SuperPET.  Using Ontario Canada’s University of Waterloo, Commodore developed the worlds  first “co-processor computer”. The Commodore SuperPET was a standard Commodore PET 8032 alongside 6502 processor, affirmative an unified enlargement commission that carried a Motorola 6809 processor and 64K additional memory.  In fact there was an $795 ($1750 in 2018 dollars) upgrade kit to convert your 8032 into a SuperPET.  The SuperPET manufacturing was contracted to BMB CompuScience of Milton Ontario, Canada.

commodore-SuperPETThere were two small toggle switches under the correct flank of the chassis to change which CPU was in use and in what manner the device was to operate.  The SuperPET ran Waterloo MicroAPL, MicroFORTRAN, MicroBASIC, MicroPASCAL, MicroCOBOL in supplement to the norm Commodore Basic v4.  It was to be used primarily by scientists and students to activity off-line from a company’s or school’s mainframe.  A SuperPET could be effortlessly connected to a mainframe and upload any was achieved while off-line (i.e. debugged APL code, processed data…).  At a period whenever mainframes disbursal hundreds of thousands of dollars, the SuperPET was really an innovative device alongside the low low retailing cost tag of fair $2795 (adjusting for cost increase that is concerning $6000 in 2018).

Commodore-c710-PET-frontBy 1982 PET revenue were declining alongside increased competition and Commodore decided to refresh the row alongside what Commodore called the CBM-II line: the “B” and “P” Series were conceived.  These machines came in many distinct configurations including ones that did not have unified monitors.  These were the archetypal manufacturing computers to athletics the snappy Ira Velinsky designed circular case which won an global Industrial Design award.

commodore-b-series-pet-factoryThe “P” or Personal Series machines  were demonstrated at commerce shows and a small number of beta machines were released to Canadian and American dealers to show to prospective clients what they could do.  Unfortunately many dealers sold those demo machines.  In case you don’t know, beta method pre-release and not finished.  As specified these beta machines were buggy so they P Series PET’s got a bad name before they were equal released.  Commodore additionally idea that the new P Series would cut into their exploding Commodore 64 endeavor so they cancelled the P line all-together.  All of the P128 inventory that Commodore was capable to recover from dealers was plowed into a district fill.

“B” or Business Series machines on the another hand were released in the two North America and Europe.  A top of the row Commodore B had several extremely notable specifications:

  • Commodore-B710-P500-C64-1541-pg1two unified 5.25″ drives alongside a 1MB of capability (in 1983!)
  • 128K of RAM expandable to a intellect boggling 1MB
  • powerful 6509 CPU at 1Mhz
  • potential admission to almost all part of PC endeavor application on the earth (see below)
  • Zilog Z80 co-processor commission that would authorize MS DOS 1.25 and CP/M-86 programs  to operate
  • there are lone three known 8088 cards in known beingness today (2001)
  • the lone programs that were always developed to run on these cards were “MS-DOS  1.25 for Commodore  B Series” and a developer type of CPM-86 (i.e. no genuine software)
  • the notable Commodore SID audio chip
  • high resolution graphics
  • separate keyboard
  • integrated 80 column, 12″ Display alongside swivel basis (the P Series was colour!)
  • integrated Commodore Basic Version 7
  • a smooth, round, sexy case… motionless today the finest looking device ever  mass produced

Even alongside all this functionality Commodore failed to market the B Series PET’s in amount and did not assistance it alongside extremely many “B” particular new programs.

As was continually Commodore’s want, they refused to support any of its products alongside much  in the way of advertising.  This was the period whenever another earth broad companies akin IBM had an advert in all mag and all night on TV.  From the commencement the B was doomed.  Most of the B Series units were sold in Europe, including the West Germany manufactured C710 ‘high boy’ that I own.  The most famous B was the B-128 and in the end Commodore managed to market a measly 15,000 units globally.

Commodore-cbm_b_letter-to-Chicago-B-Series-ClubJust before Commodore was to plow under the B Series schematics, test machines, and prototype enlargement cards, they did what no another device business had (has?) always done; hand-over these engineering resources to a third gathering without charge.  The Chicago B128 Users Group (CBUG) became the keeper of all things “B”.

CBUG worldwide members bought hundreds of machines from a company called Protecto Enterprises of New York who were tasked alongside liquidating the remaining B machines for Commodore.

CBUG developed or distributed so much software, hardware and hype about the B, that it may have really been a viable merchandise for Commodore produce.  However its destiny was sealed as Commodore moved on to nearly exclusively create residence computers akin the VIC20 and C64.

commodore_8296dIn its final weak attempt to keep several of the Business segment, Commodore then produced a few insignificant revisions of the first Commodore PET including the 8296, which was expected to contain Paper Clip term processor, Oracle database, CalcResult spreadsheet.  Many of these 8296’s had ExecuDesk ROM part on their chief commission which would commencement the software but a person would motionless have to use ExecuDesk disks to run the applications. ICPUG’s Joe Griffen informs me that the UK models had their application merely provided on diskette.  The 8296 that I own (from Britain) certainly did not have any ROM unified software  (although I am extremely grateful to Ernie Chorny of the Toronto PET Users Group for burning me that chip.)

Thus ended the narrative of the amazing Commodore PET.

The three largest factors in Commodores eventual downfall were:

  1. It’s all but complete nonaccomplishment to advertise / advance its products at a period whenever big players akin IBM were spending millions
  2. Founder and visionary Jack Tramiel’s departure in 1984 which caused Commodore to endure direction
  3. Commodores surrendering of the Business Market to IBM clones whenever they killed the PET / CBM II lines

My gathering of PET’s grows all year.  I now have three Chiclet 2001 Pet’s, two norm keyboard 2001 PET’s, my first 4016 PET, one SuperPET, an 8096, an PET 8296, a C710, and a B128 in the factory box.  I motionless bask playing alongside them; they are motionless amazing machines all following all these years.

Note concerning the publish date of the PET:  Because so many another texts and websites wrongly province that the PET was archetypal appear at the West Coast Computer Faire, I re-re-rechecked this timing alongside Chuck Peddle in April of 2014 and he stated “We demo’ed an first type to Radio Shack at the CES and afterward did several stories in commerce mag using the identical prototype.  So, you are right.  General community publish was at the West Coast Computer Faire.  We had final operating versions and sold merchandise in the Dallas Computer Show in delayed summer.  We took archetypal provider command alongside inspect at June CES.”  Thank you Chuck!


Commodore PET  Documents:

Commodore PET Magazine Articles

Commodore PET Manuals

Commodore PET Brochures

Commodore PET Software Download

 

Commodore PET Chronology and ROM Versions

Much of the satisfied below was provided courtesy of Joe Giffen of the ICPUG reprinted alongside approval Feb 21, 2003

1976

  • Spring 1976 MOS Technologies finishes betterment of the 6502 processor
  • September, MOS and the PET idea are bought by Commodore
  • October, Jack Tramiel approves the betterment of the PET prototype

1977 January

  • Chuck Peddle shows the archetypal PET to Radio Shack, expecting to have them retailing it.
  • Commodore PET 2001 announced at the West Coast Computer Faire. A complete component prepared to plug  in to a mains provision and go. The device was programmable in BASIC and set  the form for many machines to arrive in that it used a non-standard form of ASCII code (often called PETSCII) in which two complete character sets  were available. One set comprised high and lesser case alphabet during the other, the default, had high case alphabet and obstacle graphics symbols.   This institution has carried correct through to the 128. The device additionally set the form to arrive alongside outlets being provided for association of a second cassette drive, IEEE peripherals and non-intelligent peripherals (via a person port). It was accessible alongside 4K of person recollection and is most easily recognized by its small calculator manner keyboard and built-in cassette drive. The Operating System contained a figure of errors, most of which were corrected in afterward versions of the PET. The Operating System of  these first PETs is variously described as “OLD ROM”, “ORIGINAL ROM” or  “BASIC1”. These machines power on alongside the message:
    *** COMMODORE BASIC ***
    xxxx BYTES FREE

1979 Spring

  • The 2001-16 and 2001-32, introduced in 1979, were the outcome of the archetypal and most significant revision of the PET. The recollection was at the identical period expanded to give options of 16K or 32K. A complete size GRAPHICS keyboard was fitted leaving no area for a built-in cassette drive. The Operating System was totally revised, becoming what is cognize as “NEW ROM”, “UPGRADE ROM” or “BASIC2”. This removed most of the bugs of “BASIC1”. These machines power on alongside the  message:
    ### COMMODORE BASIC ###
    xxxxx BYTES FREE 

    At the identical period the peripherals which had been promised for so long finally arrived. These were the 2000 sequence printers and the 2040 disk drive (DOS 1).

1979 Fall

  • Commodore releases the upgraded PET 2001 sequence sporting a larger keyboard, expandability to 32k  and an improved (bug fixed) BASIC 1.2 which includes disk support.
  • The PET was stated a new name for transaction in Europe, CBM 3000.  This was purely a cosmetic alter and the machines are as described complete for 2001-16 and -32. The dual disk run 2040 was additionally rebranded becoming the 3040 for Europe. The new DOS 1.2 had some, but not all, of the bugs removed.

1980 Summer

  • Commodore PET 4000 Series  is delivered in North America. In the summer of 1980 Commodore introduced a new  range of machines, alongside a additional revision of the Operating System,  containing built-in Disk Commands. This Operating System is known, from  its power-on communication as “BASIC4”. Two chief sizes of recollection were available, 16K and 32K.
  • Like their predecessors, these machines had 40 pillar screens and Graphics keyboards. Originally these machines were fitted alongside 9″ screens

1981 Summer       

  • Following the introduction of the 8032, 12″ screens were fixed as standard. These later 4000 sequence machines are commonly referred to as “FAT-40” machines. These machines power on alongside the message:
    *** COMMODORE BASIC 4.0 ***
    xxxxx BYTES FREE  
  • The peripherals were again upgraded, the disk run became the 4040, operating DOS 2.1 which allowed true related files. The printers were replaced alongside the 4022, a unit according to the prosperous Epson MX-70.  8000 Series. Shortly after the introduction of the BASIC4 machines, COMMODORE released their archetypal 80 column device (the 8032). The PET had eventually arrive of age!
  • This had a 12″ display and a built-in ‘beeper’. It was fitted alongside a norm 32K of recollection and the  BUSINESS keyboard (often criticized by those who grew up alongside the 40   column machines). These machines power up, in lesser case, alongside the  message:
    *** commodore basic  4.0 ***
    31743 bytes free  
  • With the new device came a additional range of peripherals. The 8050, a elevated density disk run was introduced alongside 500K-bytes of retention on a disk and a 132 pillar printer (the 8023) additionally appeared.
  • Commodore introduces the University of Waterloo engineered SuperPET, a 96k 8000 sequence PET sporting both a 6502 or 6809 processor. The 6809 manner offers the use of loading in disk based languages and interfacing via a true RS-232 harbor to larger mini and mainframe computers for programming and tongue development
  • It was about this time that a collection of workers at Commodore in Japan are alleged to have put together a device for their children. The device was designed to plug into a tv set and had color output. There is a rumor that the machine was stated BASIC 2, since those were the chips which were lying around the office. I doubt this, since the functioning scheme is not the same BASIC 2 as in the PET, but is a derivative, having distinct input/output routines and, of course, the color features. It may be that the lone origin code accessible was BASIC 2! Whatever the truth, that device went on to rotate into the VIC 20 and set the form for a range of cheaper residence computers foremost to the C44. It was their concentration on the expanding residence device market which led, in my opinion, to Commodore’s defeat of their guide in the endeavor market.
  • In 1981 came the archetypal of a figure of variants on the 8032; a machine, known as the 8096, having an  additional 64K of memory, not immediately accessible from BASIC. A additional variant, introduced at the identical time, was the SuperPET (CBM 9000) (Micro       Main-Frame in Europe) alongside the two 6502 and 6809 processors. This supported a number of another languages, including FORTRAN.

1983 – Early

  • Commodore announced three  new ranges of machines (64, 500 and 700). I attended a ‘Commodore Show’ hosted by my dealer and my notes disclose that the 500 and 700 machines were not really on display. At the period I described the machines as follows:
  • Commodore 64 – This  machine is the cheapest of the new CBM machines. It is an expansion of the  popular VIC device and is aimed at the advanced hobbyist.
  • Commodore 500 – The 500  series is described by CBM as the “Professional/Scientific” computer. The  machine features a 40 pillar color display, although as alongside the 64, no display is provided alongside the essential machine.
  • Commodore 700 – This series of device is described by CBM as the “Business” computer. The machines in this range cater for an 80 pillar monochrome screen, which can  either be supplied alongside the machine, or in the form of a separate  monitor. The device can run most of the application which is accessible for  our 8032/8096 machines, although several of the additional advanced techniques (such as display addressing) may not activity without modification. The 700 series volition have BASIC as their norm tongue but volition be capable to obtain PASCAL, FORTH, LOGO and another “soft-loaded” languages.   Additionally, the two the 500 and 700 sequence machines can obtain a “second processor” choice of either a Z-80 or 8088 microprocessor. These will allow the device to run under either of the “Industry Standard” systems  of CP/M-86 or MS-DOS, allowing a huge range of programs to be used.
  • Of these machines, the 64 has, of course, been an amazing success; the 500 was still-born and the 700 was re-launched at smallest twice, before being eventually ditched in favour  of a revamped type of the 8000 series.
  • At the period the 700 was  announced, the final floppy disk variant, the twice aligned 8250 was introduced, giving 1 megabyte of retention on norm 5.25 floppies.
  • In Jan ’83 the 8000 sequence was stated a facelift by acceptance of the Porsche inspired scheme case of the 700 (which was really penned by Commodore’s own Ira Velinsky).  A famous rumour at the period suggested that the suffix “-SK” did in fact remain for “Smoove Kase”!
  • Although the new  packaging made a few differences to the connections – border connectors were replaced alongside IEEE ‘D’ connectors, the Operating System was the identical as on before 8000 sequence machines.

1984 – 1985

  • Over the next two years Commodore produced a few additional variants of the 8000. The 8296 featured  96K of additional RAM. At the period Tom Cranstoun was reported as saying that 32K of this could lone be got at by the person beginning the device and changing the links. The final versions of the 8296 were the 8296D alongside a built in 8250 run and the 8296GD alongside a elevated resolution graphics commission and drive. The functioning scheme was motionless BASIC 4.

February 1986

  • In America, the 700 (or B) sequence is currently enjoying far greater assistance than it always did when it was available. Commodore gave distant most of the entitlements of the B’s to the Chicago B128 Users Group (CBUG) who have taken ‘the orphan’ to their breast and a really amazing amount of betterment activity has been carried out by their members.
  • A 1M-byte enlargement is available and the 8088 Second processor which never appeared for transaction has  been rescued from the depths of Commodore’s investigation labs and CP/M-86 is now available for the ‘B’.
  • On the application front,  having been stated a publish by CBM to get all matter for the ‘B’, their group have managed to set up several fine deals alongside the software houses. Superoffice is accessible alongside Superbase V2! Oh, Precision, how we would affection that for the 8096. Precision have additionally produced Superscript 3 for the ‘B’. Version 3 is the list driven one seen on the 64 and 128.   JCL’s 700 studio was accessible under licence to CBUG members for concerning $30, and the Petspeed compiler (my favourite) was accessible for $99.
  • CBUG have additionally obtained a lot of first Commodore records (much of it rescued in the nick of  period as Corby was closing) including the 8088 schematics & CP/M-86 info (40pp), application dev’t info (302pp) and the first Programmers Reference (798pp).

1986

  • Commodore abandons the Business market whenever it dropped the 8296 and ended the ‘PET’ range

How to Identify Your Commodore PET Hardware:

Reprinted alongside approval of the author, Joe Griffen of the ICPUG Feb 22, 2003

At all introduction of a  new device CBM have provided the users alongside the chance to upgrade their machines and third parties akin Mick Bignall and Supersoft have been in the fore alongside conversions. Thus the tag on the forefront of the device may have small direction on what lies within. Tom Cranstoun has what appears  from its labels to be a 2032, ample keyboard device (or is it a 2016!).   When switched on, the 9″ display powers up in lesser case alongside the BASIC 4 legend. Even then, the fact that the device is an 8096 is hidden.

Switching on a ‘PET’ will reveal what functioning scheme lurks within.  For those alongside BASIC 2 machines, an upgrade to BASIC 4 (while motionless maintaining the choice to toggle to BASIC 2) is accessible from Supersoft. This board, ‘The BASIC 2+4’ normally sold for £65+VAT. The upgrade to BASIC 4 is fine worthwhile for the improvements to the functioning scheme (better cord handling and disk commands).

Disk drives may be harder to identify. One method which sorts most out is to format a disk in the drive:

OPEN  1,8,15:PRINT#1,”N0:TEST DISK,TD”:CLOSE 1 plant alongside all drives. Follow this alongside LOAD “$0”,8 afterward LIST to see the disk directory. The figure of blocks liberated volition inform you the run type:

670 blocks – 2040 or 3040     664 blocks – 4040       2052 blocks – 8050       4133 blocks – 8250

The ‘single density’ drive x040 cannot be upgraded to twice density 8050 norm but an  upgrade (again from Supersoft) volition change the 2040 or 3040 into a 4040.   The normal cost was £55+VAT. In supplement to providing Relative files, the upgrade removes a figure of bugs and gives automatic  recognition of the disk without the need for ‘initialization’.

My final direction to all PET owners is to prosecute my example of 1982; buy Rae West’s publish ‘Programming the PET/CBM’ West published by Level Ltd.


Click to enlarge any picture


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