MC Project

Let's say the espionage doubters are right. Should Jensen Huang still get his job back?

support@mycoding.id (Jamie Heller) — Sun, 15 Nov 2026 02:03:04 +0700

Fortune via Reuters Connect Jensen Huang

The "Stand alongside Jensen" movement that's gaining traction this weekend may or may not succeed. But at the smallest it raises the inquiry of whether the Nvidia commission moved too accelerated against its legendary CEO, who resigned this former week.

And the answer to that inquiry depends on another one: whether Jensen Huang is out since he remaining his company, and country, susceptible to espionage, or since of his broad conduct, including how forthcoming he was or wasn't alongside Nvidia's board.

The "Stand alongside Jensen" disagreement for at smallest a impermanent reinstatement is item akin this: Short of a proven case of espionage waged against Jensen, he have to be brought rear until the commission can complete a thorough investigation.

"We have not been shown evidence substantiating the espionage allegation. After thirty-three years flowing his bosom and psyche into NVIDIA, Jensen deserves due process," the organizers stated in an open letter.

Today my coworker Alistair Barr dug into how resolute or flimsy the arguments of espionage are according to latest reporting casting doubt on them.

Barr makes the case that governmental motivation by China hawks who desire stricter limits on China's admission to US AI innovation could have led to a plumped up or exaggerated handling of what evidence power exist. The idea would be that getting rid of Jensen, a proponent of a small restrictive method on AI tech in China, would assistance the hawks' cause.

If the allegations are susceptible and Jensen misplaced his job complete them, afterward that's not great. As Barr writes, referring to the administrator of an Nvidia client alongside whom Huang is stated to have had a relationship:

"The possible that Alice Huang was a Chinese intellect delegate was apt the key logic Nvidia's commission ousted Jensen Huang so quickly."

And, Barr says:

"What concerns me is the possible that US intellect was overstated to assistance bring downward the chief of one of America's most crucial companies. If that's what happened, officials may have damaged America's guide in AI in the name of protecting it."

But what if espionage wasn't at the base of the board's thinking?

When the commission stated this week it had accepted Huang's resignation, it didn't provision reasons. But let's say the commission concluded — before or in the forthcoming — that espionage wasn't at play. Would that be adequate for Huang to keep his job?

The New York Times in a piece on Saturday wrote that Huang "confessed," final week to Nvidia's broad advise concerning the matter — suggesting he wasn't forthcoming concerning it before then.

There's additionally the fact that Huang misled the media, on the record, concerning the relationship. And the fact that, additionally reported by the Times before the resignation, Huang had an extra-marital association alongside a straightforward report.

In "the earth of company governance, the worst item a chief administrator can do is lie, particularly in a crisis. It is a logic they get fired," the Times wrote.

If Nvidia's commission acted hastily according to spying concerns that ultimately power not clasp up, that's not good, and perchance the forces rearward the "Stand alongside Jensen" petition have a chance.

But if the power of the espionage case wasn't the deciding aspect in his departure but fairly his honesty and trustworthiness, afterward this division for Nvidia guidance is closed.

Jamie Heller is editor-in-chief of Business Insider. Reach out here.

L3Harris statement on the Nov. 13 ground stop

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 23:51:44 +0700

L3Harris has been modernizing the communications infrastructure supporting the National Airspace System in near coordination alongside the FAA. With safety and reliability as our highest priorities, L3Harris, together alongside its telco partners and the FAA, has completed additional than 70% of the planned airspace communications conversion from bequest copper wires to a fiber optic system. We are supporting the FAA in its inquiry to comprehend the conditions that led to the Nov. 13 dirt halt of our nation’s air travel. L3Harris takes the nationwide dirt halt and its effect on travelers, airlines and air traffic operations seriously.

Nvidia deliberately kept GPU prices high through circular financing deals

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 23:26:30 +0700

Nvidia deliberately kept GPU prices high through circular financing deals. Comments

How did Woz write the Apple 1 BASIC before building the computer?

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 23:22:49 +0700

Comments

SpaceX Catches the Starship to end Flight 15

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 22:22:24 +0700

See what’s happening and associate the conversation

Continue alongside phone

The Chinese spy allegation that toppled Nvidia's CEO is starting to look shaky

support@mycoding.id (Alistair Barr) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 21:00:34 +0700

Kent NISHIMURA / AFP via Getty Images Jensen Huang (left) and President Donald Trump (right).

I'm not a conspiracy theorist. But sometimes new data emerges that makes a untamed theory value considering.

That's anywhere I discover myself alongside the bonzer downfall of Jensen Huang, the cofounder and longtime CEO of Nvidia, America's most crucial AI company.

Huang resigned this week following revelations that he had an extramarital matter alongside a Chinese businesswoman suspected of spying for Beijing.

The woman, Alice Huang, was additionally an administrator at a business that bought billions of dollars value of Nvidia's mighty AI chips and has been investigated complete concerns that several of those products may have been illegally diverted to China.

The allegations were explosive. Nvidia's commission moved amazingly quickly; Huang was out, and the company's inventory plunged, wiping concerning $300 milliard off its market value.

But now several of America's most respected news organizations are publishing well-sourced reports that lift grave questions concerning the chief allegation in this scandal.

And those reports item toward another imaginable clarification for Huang's abrupt departure. What if the spy allegations were exaggerated to accomplish a governmental goal?

That power audio akin a conspiracy theory. Until a few days ago, I would have been reluctant to provision it much consideration. Now I'm not so sure.

The intellect isn't conclusive

On Thursday, CNN reported that US intellect agencies have not established that Alice Huang was really spying for China.

There is disagreement among officials concerning whether she was recruited by China's intellect services. Some CIA officials are unconvinced that intercepted communications demonstrate she knowingly passed data to Beijing.

The guide newsman on this bomb part is Natasha Bertrand, an accomplished national safety newsman whose investigations have scrutinized the two Republican and Democratic administrations, and whose reporting on Russia's intrusion of Ukraine helped acquire her squad an Emmy.

The possible that Alice Huang was a Chinese intellect delegate was apt the key logic Nvidia's commission ousted Jensen Huang so quickly. (Business Insider has not confirmed whether Alice Huang was or is a Chinese spy).

Now, there's an open letter calling for the commission to reinstate him as CEO until this is cleared up. It has complete 100,000 signatures, including top executives and current Nvidia employees.

"We have not been shown evidence substantiating the allegation that the female at the center of this disagreement was a spy," the letter reads. "Suspicion or affiliation solitary is not a adequate basis for ending Jensen's leadership."

There's more.

On Friday, The Washington Post reported that Secretary of State Marco Rubio, a notable China hawk, took a small conclusive CIA intellect study and used it to compose his own memo alert President Donald Trump concerning Huang's association alongside an alleged Chinese spy.

According to a individual acquainted alongside the matter, Rubio recast the CIA's findings in additional assured language. The memo's findings eventually leaked, environment off the sequence of events that ended Huang's 33-year reign at Nvidia, according to the Washington Post.

The Post's reporting doesn't demonstrate Rubio deliberately misrepresented the intellect or set out to eliminate Huang. But it raises a inquiry I think deserves grave attention: Was intellect concerning a imaginable Chinese spy amplified to assistance eliminate a mighty obstacle to tougher restrictions on China?

We've seen intellect go incorrect before

There's an uncomfortable historic precedent here.

In 2003, the US invaded Iraq following the Bush administration often warned that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of bulk destruction. Secretary of State Colin Powell famously presented intellect to the United Nations to assistance that case.

After the invasion, investigators established that Iraq did not have the stockpiles of weapons that had been alleged. The intellect was seriously wrong.

There has been extended conversation always since concerning how much of that nonaccomplishment reflected flawed intelligence, governmental pressure, selective use of evidence, or deliberate exaggeration.

But the broader instruction is clear: Intelligence assessments can be presented alongside additional certainty than the underlying evidence supports, particularly whenever mighty group have a guideline goal they desire to achieve.

The Bush administration wanted to invade Iraq. Claims concerning weapons of bulk demolition helped build assistance for that decision.

Follow the chips

So, if intellect concerning Alice Huang was exaggerated, who stood to benefit?

To comprehend the imaginable motive, you need to comprehend a bitter combat inner Washington complete China's admission to Nvidia technology.

For years, the US authorities has tried to halt China from obtaining Nvidia's most mighty AI chips, which are used to create advanced synthetic intelligence. The involvement is that China could use this innovation to fortify its armed forces and difficulty America's scientific leadership.

But enforcing these restrictions has proved amazingly difficult. One logic is haze computing. Here's how it works.

An American business sells AI chips to a data center operator. Those chips remain physically exterior mainland China. The controller afterward rents that computing power to customers complete the internet, including Chinese companies.

This benevolent of distant admission can be lawful under existing US rules, depending on the circumstances. It's additionally among the chief benefits of haze computing: You don't need to own a mighty device or equal be in the identical nation as one to use it.

But several Washington officials see this as a loophole that undermines the entire item of restricting part revenue to China. And they desire to near it.

Jensen Huang was among the most mighty voices arguing against entirely cutting China off. He asserted that America is improved off if Chinese AI companies continue using American technology. That gives US companies revenue, keeps China reliant on American products, and possibly gives Washington additional visibility and power complete Chinese AI development.

Cut China off completely, Huang argued, and Chinese companies volition merely accelerate efforts to build their own technology.

Of course, Huang additionally had an apparent financial interest. Nvidia makes prosperity marketing chips, and China is an enormous possible market. And he had straightforward admission to Trump and had often pushed the administration toward a additional accommodating approach.

Now he's gone. And the group who wanted tougher restrictions have shed their biggest opponent.

The timing is extraordinary

There's another item concerning all this that bothers me. Aspects of this association and the concerns concerning Alice Huang are not new.

On October 9, 2025, additional than a twelvemonth ago, The New York Times published a detailed investigation into Megaspeed, the Singapore-based business anywhere she was an executive.

The Times reported that the business had purchased nearly $2 milliard of Nvidia innovation and was under inquiry complete imaginable violations of US export restrictions.

It additionally described Alice Huang's near admission to Jensen Huang, including photographs of them together.

US officials had been examining the business since 2024. The FBI has additionally been examining the association for at smallest a year, according to CNN.

So why did all this abruptly rotate into an existential emergency for Nvidia's CEO in November 2026?

One imaginable answer is that the governmental surroundings changed.

Axios reported this week on tensions inner the administration complete efforts to tighten restrictions on China's admission to Nvidia technology.

Meanwhile, lawmakers are pushing law that could restrict Chinese companies from remotely accessing mighty American chips located in another countries. The Remote Access Security Act has already passed the House and is awaiting act in the Senate.

Nvidia has opposed efforts to enforce sweeping restrictions on this benevolent of access.

A provocative assessment

On Thursday, SemiAnalysis, a respected AI investigation firm, published a provocative assessment of Huang's departure.

"We aren't ones for conspiracy theories, but a few events about the identical period appear to create a narrative that is difficult to ignore," they wrote.

"The US intellect community is a ample part of the shove to get Jensen out of Nvidia," the resolute added. "AI and part restrictions on China are going to ramp now much faster alongside the biggest guardian Jensen, gone."

SemiAnalysis offered this as a theory, not proof. But it deserves examination, particularly following CNN's reporting and the Washington Post's part concerning Rubio's memo.

I'm not current to inform readers whether China should have admission to America's most advanced AI chips. There are grave arguments on the two sides. And I do not condone Huang's another behavior, including CEOs having relationships alongside subordinates or customers.

What concerns me is the possible that US intellect was overstated to assistance bring downward the chief of one of America's most crucial companies.

If that's what happened, officials may have damaged America's guide in AI in the name of protecting it.

A week ago, the idea that Washington's China hawks helped bring downward Huang echoed akin a conspiracy theory. Today, it's a possible value considering.

And stated America's former of intellect failures, I don't think we should merely obtain the government's term for it.

Sign up for the AI Insider newsletter here. Reach out to me via email at abarr@businessinsider.com

The latest on Jensen Huang's ouster from Nvidia and what it method for the company's future

Dartmouth (Guarini) will not admit math PhD cohort this year

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 20:23:40 +0700

The Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies has suspended admissions to the next cohort in its math Ph.D. program, which would matriculate in the 2027-2028 scholarly year. Guarini dean Carrie Colla ’01 and College spokesman Jana Barnello did not define whenever or whether the program would resume admissions.

Colla wrote in a Nov. 10 email declaration to The Dartmouth that Guarini “regularly considers how to finest allocate in alumnus education.”

“As part of those regular reviews, we are pausing admissions to the math Ph.D. program for the 2027-2028 sequence during the School of Arts and Sciences conducts a division review,” she wrote.

The decision to suspend the program “was made in near alliance alongside leaders in the School of Arts and Sciences and we appearance onward to operating collaboratively alongside the division on this review,” Colla added.

She wrote in a Nov. 10 email to current alumnus students that there “will be opportunities for students to act in the review” and that she would encounter alongside math alumnus students and division department on Nov. 17. Graduate students can additionally attain out to math division place Dimitrios Giannakis and math prof Vladimir Chernov to portion questions and concerns, she wrote.

“While I cognize it is disappointing news that your cohort volition not be expanding next year, I am assured that this method volition authorize us to fortify the cognition of the two our Ph.D. students and the undergraduate students in the department,” Colla wrote.

During a Q&A at the Nov. 9 broad department meeting, which The Dartmouth attended but was not permitted to record, department raised concerns concerning the suspension. Math prof Peter Winkler, who opposed the suspension, stated at the gathering the decision was communicated to math division department on Nov. 6. Winkler declined to provision additional comment following the meeting.

The Ph.D. program’s intermission follows a national trend of decreasing Ph.D. program seats. Data collected from 55 undisclosed investigation institutions demonstrated that Ph.D. acceptances dropped 15% in 2026 from the former year, equal although family applications increased.

In a Nov. 10 email to current alumnus students, which was obtained and reviewed by The Dartmouth, Giannakis wrote that department members were “continuing to engage” alongside College administrators to “find a way forward” that would “eventually resume” the Ph.D. program.

Giannakis added in the email that Colla and School of Arts and Sciences dean Nina Pavcnik would act a math division department gathering on Nov. 11 to conversation the suspension.

“While I do not anticipate a reversal of the decision to intermission admissions, I anticipation there volition at smallest be a constructive conversation alongside actionable outcomes,” he wrote.

Giannakis was unable to comment by period of publication.

The Guarini admissions agency communicated the decision to applicants on Nov. 10, according to an email obtained by The Dartmouth. Any materials or advice alphabet that have already been submitted “will not be reviewed,” the Guarini admissions agency wrote. Applications for the program, which typically accepts seven to nine students per year, would have been due on Dec. 15, 2026, according to the math division website.

“We acknowledge this is disappointing news and we are apologetic for the disruption to your plans,” the email to group who already submitted use materials reads.

On Nov. 10, Colla wrote to current math alumnus students that “status and support” for current students “are not changing” and that the program volition see “every currently enrolled pupil through graduation,” according to an email obtained and reviewed by The Dartmouth.

“Stipends, coverage and the five-year backing justify all remain in location for students making satisfactory scholarly progress,” Colla wrote. “Advising relationships, qualifying exams, flat requirements and instruction and investigation appointments volition continue as planned.”

Guarini Ph.D. students received an annual stipend of $49,862.40 for the 2026-2027 scholarly year, alongside alongside tuition remission, health coverage and another benefits, according to the Guarini website. The College guarantees five years of financial assistance to students making satisfactory scholarly progress.

Graduate students typically instruct “one way in all of their final three years of study,” according to the math division alumnus pupil handbook. Starting this term, math Ph.D. candidates must additionally assist as a instruction aide for one term all twelvemonth following their third year, during archetypal and second-year Ph.D. candidates must assist as instruction assistants for three conditions a twelvemonth alternatively of the earlier required two, according to the handbook.

Third-year math Ph.D. applicant Jacob Lehmann Duke GR stated he and his chap alumnus students learned of the suspension from Colla’s Nov. 10 email. He stated he was “frustrated” by the “lack of transparency” surrounding the decision.

“We were all shocked,” he said. “There was no sign that this was coming.”

Second-year math Ph.D. applicant Alex Moon GR stated they accept suspending applications for the upcoming sequence sends “a communication of instability” to forthcoming applicants.

“Part of the agreement of alumnus academy is that you desire there to be minimal factors exterior of your authority that volition forestall you from getting this Ph.D.,” Moon said. “If this is item they do once, it’s item they can do later.”

In an discussion alongside The Dartmouth, second-year math Ph.D. applicant Aidan Hennessey GR stated “losing out on a cohort of students” would negatively power the discussions among the “already fairly small” Ph.D. program.

“Having group in neighboring areas of math to you — that you can conversation concerning math and study from, instruct and conversation through ideas alongside — all of this is extremely helpful,” Hennessey said. “Having additional students about is nice for community.”

Lehmann Duke added that the suspension could put undergraduates intending to enroll in graduate-level math courses “at a genuine deficit.”

Ben Singer ’27 — who stated they have taken graduate-level math courses since their freshman twelvemonth — added that there are “a few center alumnus courses” that are “really crucial for undergraduates current who desire to enter alumnus school.” A decrease in Ph.D. students raises questions concerning whether those classes volition be offered, whether undergraduates volition be capable to obtain them and how small way offerings volition power group who desire to go to alumnus school, Singer said.

The College “reserves the correct to create changes in the offering” or cancel a way alongside small than five enrolled students, according to the Arts and Sciences Registrar’s Office website.

First-year computational discipline and modeling Ph.D. applicant Ethan Baird GR stated “almost half” of his program’s coursework requirements are typically fulfilled through math division courses. Baird added that these classes are the “basis of everything that we end up doing later,” which leads him to concern that the suspension of the admissions volition have trickle-down effects on the computational discipline and modeling Ph.D. programs.

Math important Ribhu Hooja ’27 stated the division “did not officially” communicate undergraduate students concerning the intermission and that he alternatively established out from alumnus students. If the intermission lasts “even for a year, there could motionless be harm” since of “the relationships formed” between undergraduate and alumnus students in advanced math classes, Hooja said.

“We study how to use to grad school, and what it means,” Hooja said. “It’s an crucial association I’ve really benefitted a lot from.”

Third-year Ph.D. applicant Michaela Polley GR stated she was concerned concerning the pause’s effects on “research culture” among Dartmouth graduates and undergraduates alike.

“The idea of being a investigation university and a broad arts university doesn’t activity if you don’t have alumnus students,” she said.

During the Nov. 9 meeting, College President Sian Leah Beilock and Pavcnik additionally addressed department

concerns

concerning the College’s discontinuation of the Society of Fellows, a three-year interdisciplinary investigation program established in 2014 to assistance postdoctoral investigation and scholarship. The Society has stopped recruiting new fellows and volition

conclude

in summer 2028, whenever its current cohort completes their appointments, according to the program’s website.

Beilock stated at the gathering that the decision follows the need to reinvest backing in another organizational priorities.

Beilock announced at the gathering that the College is “working to decrease Dartmouth’s spending by $50 million,” in command to addition department and personnel salaries “especially if and whenever cost increase continues to rise,” according to a copy of her address published on the Office of the President’s website.

In a Nov. 11 email declaration to The Dartmouth, Barnello wrote that the $50 myriad “reflects adjustments already made” to the budget, and that “roughly half” is “already in place” for financial twelvemonth 2027.

Beilock additionally announced at the gathering that the College is “preparing” to change North Park apartments, which are currently listed on the Office of Residential Life website as undergraduate housing, to alumnus pupil housing. The North Park apartments have exclusively housed undergraduates since the 2022-2023 scholarly year, according to the Dartmouth Graduate Student Council website.

Correction appended (Nov. 12, 9:30 a.m.): A former type of this part referred to Alex Moon as he. They use they/them pronouns.

Sahil Gandhi

Sahil Gandhi ’29 is a newsman from Staten Island, N.Y., and is majoring in ecological studies and authorities modified alongside doctrine and economics. He loves term searches and falling downward net and Wikipedia rabbit holes. He can be reached at sgandhi@thedartmouth.com.

LinkedIn, Monster take down over 1000 fake job postings after CBC investigation

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 19:56:47 +0700

More than 1,500 misleading job postings — offering distant work, no cognition needed — have been taken downward from LinkedIn and Monster following a CBC ocular inquiry revealed the listings funnelled unsuspecting applicants to a multi-level promotion (MLM) business that asked for money.

CBC connected a network of travel-related pages posting doubtful jobs — positions akin "Work From Home Travel Planner and Virtual Customer Support Representative" — to a U.S.-based MLM called Evolution Travel. Some of the roles promised to pay up to $75,000 US per year.

In reality, there was no job and no salary.

Applicants were quickly directed to associate virtual data sessions, anywhere they were asked to pay hundreds of dollars up front, followed by a monthly subscription fee. The program promised to instruct members how to create prosperity from booking journey as an autonomous delegate and recruiting others into the program, taking a cut of their commissions.

WATCH | Investigating who's rearward hundreds of counterfeit job postings:

Exposing who’s rearward counterfeit job ads online

Major job-seeking platforms presenter hundreds of listings for distant journey jobs that commitment salaries up to $75,000 alongside no cognition required. CBC Visual Investigations applied online and established that there is no job: The ads guide to a U.S.-based multi-level promotion scheme that asks unsuspecting applicants to pay up front. After flagging the listings to LinkedIn and Monster, nearly 1,500 were taken offline.

The companies went by names akin Wanderwell Collective, Professional Travel Hub, Remote-Careers, Sky Land & Ocean Travel and Sunkissed Getaways.

The job postings made no citation of Evolution Travel or sign-up fees.

Many of the jobs did not necessitate cognition and promised to pay up to $75,000 US. (Illustration: Matthew Hoddy/CBC; LinkedIn)

"This is disgusting," stated Jay Jones, a Chicago-based job listing investigator who CBC shared its findings with. "They capture you alongside the lure of the counterfeit job. The prosperity is great, [successful applicants] get to remain at home. You have to pay to get activity — that's not how activity works."

Misleading job postings — including ones that necessitate fee or guide to MLMs — are strictly prohibited on platforms akin LinkedIn and another job sites.

Jay Jones investigates misleading and counterfeit jobs online. (CBC)

"It feels in so many ways that we're living in a funhouse mirror," stated Vass Bednar, managing director of the Canadian Shield Institute, a community guideline think-tank that focuses on financial resilience and digital sovereignty.

These postings hazard "eroding confidence — confidence in the oneself and confidence that there is, frankly, meaningful activity out there for group that is value pursuing."

Jobs were 'misleading': LinkedIn

MLMs are not forbidden in Canada or the U.S. However, in the U.S., companies and individuals could visage fines if they are established to breach the U.S. Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce."

"I would regard [these job posts] misleading… and would invitation implementation by either the FTC, the province governments or another national implementation agencies," stated William Kovacic, erstwhile FTC chairman and commissioner, alongside whom CBC additionally shared its findings.

One autonomous delegate rearward multiple journey businesses connected to misleading jobs ads CBC identified — Wanderwell Collective, Destination Knot, Aisle and Abroad, and Professional Travel Hub — was Diedre Norton. In one video posted to YouTube, Norton stated she had a network of 300 recruits for Evolution Travel.

Even although Evolution Travel’s founder, David McCovy, praised her in online videos as being a top performer, Norton denied being affiliated alongside the program before hanging up on CBC News.

Screenshot of an online video showing Evolution originator David McCovy during a conference. (EvolutionTravelCafe/YouTube)

McCovy did not react to CBC’s requests for comment.

A delegate from Evolution Travel who lone identified themselves by their title, chief functioning officer, told CBC they have consistently told their autonomous agents not to article job ads on any platforms.

Late final month, LinkedIn took downward near to 900 ads connected to Evolution Travel, saying it had removed them since they were "misleading and violated" business policy, adding "the companies rearward them volition no longer be capable to article jobs" on the platform.

Monster took downward 600 listings, saying it has "clear policies prohibiting misleading job postings and multi-level promotion opportunities, and we obtain act to eliminate listings that do not encounter our standards."

Hundreds of job postings posted to LinkedIn and Monster really brought applicants into the recruiting procedure for a multi-level promotion company, a CBC News ocular inquiry has found. (Illustration: Matthew Hoddy/CBC, LinkedIn, Monster)

Detecting counterfeit jobs

Evolution Travel does not run in Canada, but CBC journalists motionless came throughout the job posting in their feeds. They were additionally recommended in emails from LinkedIn.

The ads contained contiguous red flags. The journey companies named in the ads had minimal to no existence online, and there were near to 1,500 postings, frequently alongside nearly identical job descriptions.

Many of the jobs did not necessitate cognition and were remote. CBC established additional than 1,500 misleading or counterfeit jobs. (LinkedIn)

The jobs, in many cases, required no education, no previous cognition and frequently did not necessitate a resumé.

CBC applied for eight jobs on LinkedIn and Monster, attaching a blank document as a resumé in cases that required it. Upon applying, the squad was sent automated emails to associate a virtual data meeting by individuals connected to Evolution Travel.

CBC journalists were sent automated emails and asked to associate a virtual data meeting by individuals connected to Evolution Travel upon applying for the jobs. (CBC)

Evolution Travel and its partner Archer Travel Services depict themselves as an global "home-based journey business" that trains its members to publish journey and acquire a commission.

But it's not fair concerning booking travel. Archer Travel’s website describes Evolution Travel as its "recruiting partner" and describes it as a "network marketing" business — another term for multi-level marketing, according to the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

A compensation scheme for members on Evolution Travel’s website shows a percent of commissions and monthly bonuses are paid to the most productive recruiters, alongside affiliation tiers up to "8 Star Platinum" for recruiting 100,000 people.

Documents display compensation plans for Evolution Travel. (Evolution Travel)

None of this was mentioned in the data sessions CBC attended, which covered journey booking exclusively. When a CBC newsman posing as a job applicant asked concerning getting commissions from their own recruits, the meeting presenter stated it was not covered in the data sessions and that the individual who welcomed them into the program would location it.

Session hosts additionally didn’t disclose there is a hidden $50 annual fee in the autonomous contractor agreement, seen by CBC, whenever signing up.

A screenshot from an Evolution virtual meeting shows the packages attendees can pay to enrol in the program. (Evolution Travel)

Former FTC chairman and commissioner Kovacic stated if he were motionless at the agency, he would be looking into the company.

"[Fees are] not presented in the first interaction," he said. "It's shrouded in a way that's extremely crucial and would mislead users."

27,000 autonomous contractors

Job seekers have been complaining concerning Evolution Travel, its members and agents akin Deidre Norton online and to the Better Business Bureau for years.

In 2021, Evolution Travel was among 1,000 companies put on notice by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission that they could visage fines if they or their representatives made "misleading, or deceptive representations" concerning a "money-making opportunity."

Kovacic stated a resolute that "defied" FTC notices and continued to persist in these practices would be a "worthy mark for an investigation."

CBC News established many complaints online concerning companies connected to the job postings. (Illustration: Matthew Hoddy/CBC, Reddit, Better Business Bureau)

Ron Archer, the CEO of Archer Travel Services, stated that the business does "not condone forbidden job postings and addresses them whenever we are made aware."

Yet in videos online, journey agents connected to Evolution Travel talked openly concerning using LinkedIn job postings to enlist group into the business.

Archer stated they cannot "tell group how they train for their business" since they have "27,000 autonomous contractors about the world."

"LinkedIn is a big one," stated one associate in a June 2026 training video posted to YouTube. "We have fairly a few distinct trainings on how to article on LinkedIn."

Jay Jones, who has gotten tens of thousands of jobs taken downward from platforms himself, stated companies akin LinkedIn and Monster create income through this traffic.

"There's no genuine vetting of what companies get to be created, what jobs get to be listed," stated Jones. "People coming [to LinkedIn] believing that there are genuine opportunities are greeted alongside this MLM nonsense."

For any tips connected to this investigation, communication eric.szeto@cbc.ca or the ocular inquiry team’s inbox: vi@cbc.ca

A reimagined OS with no folders and no apps

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 19:55:12 +0700

Comments

5 Businesses I Wouldn’t Start in 2027 — and 5 Models I’d Look at Instead

support@mycoding.id (Katie Melissa) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 19:30:00 +0700

Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.

Key Takeaways

The endeavor example matters nearly as much as the entrepreneur.
Favor leverage, recurring income and systems.
Generalist offers (agencies, broad courses, generic stores) are getting commoditized. Specialize, market outcomes and build for reiterate customers.
Ask of any opportunity: Can this eventually activity without me?

Search “best businesses to start” and you’ll see the identical ideas on repeat: dropshipping, influencing, a generic promotion agency, item on Amazon. Technically, they can all motionless work. But “can work” and “where I’d put my period and prosperity today” are two extremely distinct things.

After nearly a decade in ecommerce and online business, I’ve learned that the endeavor example matters nearly as much as the entrepreneur. A awesome controller can combat through a difficult model, but why choose one that demands enormous time, has razor-thin margins or depends on continually finding your next customer?

Heading into 2027, I’m drawn to three things: leverage, recurring revenue and systems. Here are five businesses I’d think twice concerning starting from scratch, and what I’d regard instead.

A few years ago, the playbook was simple: district a few local clients at $1,000 or $2,000 a month, outsource the activity and scale. But everyone got the memo. Generalist agencies now vie alongside freelancers, offshore teams, in-house hires and increasingly capable AI tools.

What I’d commencement instead: A specialized AI automation business

Solve one costly issue for one category of business. Help dental practices prosecute up alongside leads who never scheduled. Build AI customer-service workflows for ecommerce brands. Automate reminders and client reactivation for home-service companies.

The chance isn’t marketing AI; businesses can admission that themselves. It’s knowing what to automate and connecting it to a genuine outcome. “Social media management” is a vague row item, during recovering thousands of dollars in misplaced leads is uncomplicated to understand. Sell the outcome, not the technology.

2. I wouldn’t start: A traditional DIY Amazon flank hustle

The idea that you can open a Seller Central account, catalog a few products following activity and bask effortless earnings is increasingly detached from reality. Sourcing, pricing, Buy Box competition, inventory, client assistance and document health all petition attention. For person who wants to rotate into an operator, that’s fine. But many professionals desire ecommerce visibility without creating a second full-time job.

What I’d regard instead: Owning without operating

For group alongside additional chief than time, a professionally managed ecommerce storefront may be value a look. The owner finances and owns the store, during an informed squad handles day-to-day operations for a fee or a portion of profits, much akin a asset owner hiring a asset manager. These investors aren’t looking for item alternatively to do. They’re looking for item alternatively to own.

It isn’t risk-free. Marketplaces shift, revenue change and projected earnings is never guaranteed income, so vet who really operates the shop and how profits are calculated before you commit.

3. I wouldn’t start: A generic dropshipping store

The throw is irresistible: no inventory, your provider ships the command and you pocket the difference. But acquiring the client is the difficult part. A shop marketing products that hundreds of another websites additionally market has small rivalrous advantage, and you’re frequently reliant on paid promotion and on finding products before competitors heap in.

What I’d commencement instead: A niche brand alongside repeat-purchase potential

Think beauty, pet products, specialty foods, individual attention or hobby consumables. The category matters small than the economics. Ask yourself: If I expend $40 acquiring this client today, can they be value $200 to me complete the next two years?

An ad stops producing the instant you rotate it off. A loyal client base, an email catalog and a recognizable brand can rotate into additional precious all year.

4. I wouldn’t start: A broad online course

Expertise used to be nearly enough: document six hours of video, build a landing page, accusation $997. Today, data is abundant, including through AI, and group are reluctant to pay premium prices for it. Information isn’t scarce anymore; genuine results are.

What I’d build instead: A niche digital merchandise ecosystem

Build multiple particular products that resolve narrow problems, specified as a template, calculator, workflow, database, paid community or small application tool, and create satisfied for the spectators they serve. Someone who knows Airbnb could skip the “$997 Masterclass” and recommendation a profitability calculator, a cleaning-checklist system, guest-message templates and a paid newsletter on market changes. That ecosystem is much harder to substitute alongside a sole AI prompt.

5. I wouldn’t start: A endeavor that depends entirely on your individual brand

Personal brands are powerful, but they can rotate into cages. If income disappears whenever you halt posting or showing your visage online, you’ve created income, not necessarily an independent business. You power affection posting three videos a day at 25. Will you motionless desire to at 35?

What I’d build instead: A endeavor that can eventually run without me

This is the display I’d use to nearly any opportunity: Can this eventually activity without me? It doesn’t need to be hands-off on day one, but there have to be a way from founder-dependent to system-dependent. Can person alternatively grip client service? Can revenue rotate into repeatable? Can procedures be documented? Can customers keep purchasing during you’re on vacation?

If all crucial function leads rear to you, that’s not freedom. It’s self-employment alongside a nicer title.

The genuine chance is leverage

The endeavor I’m observing in 2027 isn’t really an idea. It’s leverage. AI gives one employee leverage. Software gives a small business leverage. Recurring income gives client acquisition leverage. A administration squad gives an owner leverage. Capital gives an capitalist leverage. And systems provision entrepreneurs perchance the most precious form of all: time.

So alternatively of asking, “What’s the hottest endeavor to start?” ask: What can I build or own today that becomes small reliant on my period as it grows? If you have small chief but plentifulness of time, an AI automation assistance may fit. If you comprehend products and branding, regard a niche person brand. If you have ability but don’t desire to rotate into an influencer, digital products can rotate it into an asset. And if you have chief but small spare time, a professionally managed endeavor may deserve a nearer look.

The finest endeavor isn’t continually the one that makes the most prosperity today. It may be the one that eventually stops needing you to create all dollar. After all, your period is precious.

The FAA ground stop stranded me at the airport with 3 kids until 4 a.m. We're delayed 3 days and facing thousands in costs.

support@mycoding.id (Elliott Harrell) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 19:19:33 +0700

Morgane Richardson and her family were stranded in Orlando because of the FAA dirt stop. Courtesy of Morgane Richardson

This as-told-to composition is according to a conversation alongside Morgane Richardson. It has been edited for dimension and clarity

My family was already in the air flying from Puerto Rico to Orlando, en path rear to our residence in Albany, New York, whenever we established out concerning the ground stop. I had a activity gathering there, so I decided to bring my spouse and three kids, twin 3-year-olds and an 8-year-old, alongside me.

Luckily, we were capable to land, but the aviator told us all connections had been canceled. Now it's going to obtain us three additional days to get home, and it's going to disbursal us thousands of dollars.

We were at the Orlando airfield until 3 a.m.

When we landed in Orlando at 7 p.m., everything was chaotic, alongside lengthy lines of group trying to get help. My spouse and I got our kids settled at among the gates, and afterward I waited in row for concerning an hour. The client assistance delegate told me our connecting escape would depart at 1 a.m., so we decided to remain at the airport.

Morgane Richardson and her family waited in the Orlando airfield for their escape to obtain off. Courtesy of Morgane Richardson

Our kids were certainly troopers, but were exhausted. We were capable to get among the small ones to autumn idle in their stroller, but the another two didn't autumn idle until concerning 10 p.m., way past their bedtime. The entire period we were there, the transporter didn't recommendation us anything, not equal a snack or a blanket. The kids were certainly uncomfortable on the flat and cold.

One of our kids goes to bed all night alongside a heated cup of milk, but all of the vendors were closed, so she couldn't have it, which led to several big tears. We were capable to get everyone meal before things closed, though.

The archetypal accessible escape isn't until Sunday night

After waiting nearly six hours at the airport, we established out at near to 1 a.m. that our escape had been canceled. By that point, we were having difficulty finding a inn alongside availability, and we didn't have our bags alongside us.

Morgane Richardson's escape ended up getting canceled. Courtesy of Morgane Richardson

With lone one alter of apparel in our carry-on, we really needed our bags. They were efficiently misplaced in a sea of luggage at the airport. A Southwest delegate yelled at me whenever I asked if we could get our bags, and fair shrugged whenever I asked what families who need a alter of clothes, diapers, or equation should do. Thank goodness a bag handler took pity on us and spent an hr finding our bags.

We eventually established a inn alongside preparedness that would let us inspect in at 4 a.m. We're currently scheduled for a escape at 9 pm on Sunday night alongside a seven-hour layover in Baltimore. That method we won't get residence until near to midnight on Monday, nearly three complete days afterward than we initially planned.

Driving wasn't really an choice for us. There weren't any rental cars remaining by the period we established out our escape was canceled, and it would have been an 18-hour run to get home. Our kids wouldn't have been capable to grip that, so figuring out another escape was really the lone choice.

The financial effect volition be thousands of dollars

Our inn area is $300 a night, and we'll need to pay for food for three additional days, too. We volition likely let our kids remainder and float in the inn pool, but if we decide to do any activities alongside them, those volition disbursal prosperity as well.

Morgane Richardson and her family slept on the flat at the airport. Courtesy of Morgane Richardson

On top of that, my spouse is an acupuncturist and missed a few days of activity since of the dirt stop. The medicinal center she plant in already slows downward complete the holidays, so her not being capable to activity is really going to power us financially, too.

Hopefully we'll be capable to get on an before flight. We keep calling Southwest in hopes there's item alternatively we can get on, but alongside so many passengers in a akin circumstance to ours, it's really unclear what power happen.

Apa Itu cPanel? Peta 8 Bagian Menu dan Fungsinya

support@mycoding.id (Doris Putra) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 19:00:00 +0700

Apa itu cPanel? cPanel adalah antarmuka web untuk mengelola akun hosting: kalian bisa membikin email, mengatur database, mengunggah file, dan memasang SSL dari satu halaman di browser. Fitur-fiturnya dikelompokkan per bagian, jadi mencarinya jauh lebih cepat jika kalian sudah tahu peta menunya.

Artikel ini menjawab apa itu cPanel lewat peta menunya. Tiap bagiankecil dijelaskan fungsinya, kemudian diarahkan ke panduan Jetorbit yang memuat metode lengkapnya. Nama bagiankecil dan menu mengikuti dokumentasi resmi cPanel.

Apa itu cPanel dan siapa yang mengatur isinya

Dokumentasi resmi mengatakan antarmuka cPanel sebagai halaman utama bagi pelanggan akun cPanel, tempat membikin dan mengelola domain, email, konten situs, dan database. Kalian membukanya lewat browser dan masuk dengan username dan password cPanel. Cara mendapatkan dan memakai kredensial itu ada di panduan login ke cPanel.

Satu hal sering bikin bingung: menu di akun kalian bisa berbeda dari tangkapan layar di artikel maupun dokumentasi. Penyedia hosting bisa menghidupkan maupun mematikan sebuah fitur lewat Feature Manager di WHM, dan profil server juga bisa menonaktifkan sebagian fitur. Kalau menu yang kalian cari tidak ada, tanyakan ke supplier hosting. Kalau pertanyaan kalian bukan cuma apa itu cPanel tetapi juga apa bedanya dengan WHM, pembagian perannya dibahas di artikel apa itu WHM dan cPanel.

Cara membaca halaman utama cPanel

Kalau ditanya apa itu cPanel dari sisi tampilan, jawabannya adalah halaman utama disebut Tools yang terdiri dari tiga bagian. Features mengelompokkan fitur yang tersedia di akun kalian, dan urutannya bisa diubah dengan menyeret. General Information menampilkan pelanggan aktif, domain utama, dan home directory. Statistics menampilkan pemakaian sumber daya seperti bandwidth dan disk, dan beberapa statistik baru muncul jika supplier hosting mengaktifkannya.

Di bilah navigasi ada kotak Search. Menekan tombol garis miring (/) langsung membawa kursor ke kotak itu, jadi jika kalian sudah hafal nama fiturnya, mengetik lebih cepat daripada menggulir halaman.

Bagian-bagian di bawah ini menguraikan apa itu cPanel menu demi menu, mengikuti pengelompokan di dokumentasi cPanel. Fitur apa saja yang tampil di tiap bagiankecil tergantung akun dan supplier hosting kalian.

Files: file, FTP, dan backup

Bagian Files berisi File Manager, FTP Accounts, Backup, Disk Usage, Directory Privacy, dan Git Version Control. File Manager adalah pengelola file di browser. Web root-nya adalah arsip public_html (atau www), tempat file situs kalian diletakkan. File berawalan titik (dotfile) tidak tampil secara default sampai opsi Show Hidden Files diaktifkan, dan file yang dihapus masuk ke Trash dahulu sehingga statis bisa dipulihkan. Langkah pemakaiannya ada di panduan File Manager.

Menu Backup menghasilkan dokumentasi .tar.gz. Backup penuh tidak bisa dipulihkan otomatis dari cPanel: menurut dokumentasi, fungsi itu cuma ada di WHM, jadi restore penuh berarti meminta pertolongan supplier hosting. Yang bisa dipulihkan langsung dari cPanel adalah backup parsial, yaitu home directory, database, email forwarder, dan email filter. Cara membikin backup ada di panduan backup akun cPanel. Sebagai pembanding, Cloud Hosting Jetorbit menyediakan backup harian untuk database yang terpisah dari backup file dan bisa dipulihkan sendiri, detailnya ada di halaman Cloud Hosting.

Dua fitur lain di bagiankecil ini sering terlewat. Disk Usage menginformasikan arsip mana yang menghabiskan ruang, dan klik pada nama arsip membukanya di File Manager. Directory Privacy memasang password pada sebuah arsip lewat dokumentasi .htaccess dan .htpasswd, tetapi perlindungan itu cuma berjalan untuk akses lewat website, bukan lewat FTP.

Email: akun, forwarder, dan autoresponder

Bagian Email berisi Email Accounts, Forwarders, Autoresponders, dan fitur lain seperti BoxTrapper dan Address Importer. Dari Email Accounts kalian membikin akun lewat tombol Create dan membuka inbox lewat Check Email (Webmail). Kuota email ditetapkan oleh supplier hosting. Forwarder meneruskan email dari satu alamat ke alamat lain, dan akun emailnya mesti dibuat lebih dulu. Autoresponder membalas email otomatis, dengan interval yang dihitung dalam jam untuk tiap pengirim. Langkah membikin akun email ada di panduan membikin email di cPanel.

Databases: database, user, dan hak akses

Satu database di MySQL butuh tiga hal: database-nya, user-nya, dan hak akses user itu ke database tersebut (tombol Add User To Database). Dokumentasi menyarankan MySQL Database Wizard untuk database pertama. Dokumentasi juga melarang membikin database maupun user lewat phpMyAdmin, karena phpMyAdmin tidak memetakan database sehingga backup dan restore tidak akan berjalan. phpMyAdmin dipakai untuk mengelola keterangan dan menjalankan query setelah database ada. Urutan kliknya ada di panduan membikin database MySQL di cPanel.

Domains: domain dan pengalihan

Bagian Domains dipakai untuk mengelola beberapa domain dalam satu akun. Tabel List Domains menampilkan document root tiap domain, dan opsi Manage mengubahnya. Fitur Redirects mengalihkan pengunjung ke URL lain. Tipe 301 berarti permanen dan membikin mesin pelacak memperbarui catatannya, sedangkan 302 berarti sementara dan tidak memengaruhi anotasi mesin pencari. Opsi Wildcard Redirect meneruskan setiap file ke nama file yang sama di tujuan.

Security: SSL, blokir IP, dan verifikasi dua langkah

Bagian Security berisi SSL/TLS, IP Blocker, Hotlink Protection, Leech Protection, ModSecurity, Manage API Tokens, dan Two-Factor Authentication. SSL/TLS mengelola sertifikat, CSR, dan private key. IP Blocker memblokir satu IP, rentang IP, maupun nama domain dari website kalian, tetapi tidak dari jasa seperti Webmail. ModSecurity bisa dinyalakan maupun dimatikan per domain; dokumentasi menyarankan membiarkannya aktif dan mematikannya cuma saat memecahkan masalah yang berhubungan dengan ModSecurity.

Two-Factor Authentication menambahkan metode kedua saat login: kode enam digit dari aplikasi autentikator di ponsel. Tanpa ponsel itu kalian tidak bisa masuk, dan supplier hosting mesti mengaktifkan fiturnya di WHM lebih dulu. Langkah konfigurasinya ada di panduan Two-Factor Authentication di cPanel.

Software: varian PHP dan php.ini

MultiPHP Manager memilih varian PHP per domain: centang domainnya, pilih varian di menu PHP Version, kemudian klik Apply. MultiPHP INI Editor mengatur direktif php.ini untuk varian itu. Basic Mode cocok untuk pengaturan umum, sedangkan Editor Mode membuka dokumentasi php.ini langsung dan cuma untuk yang paham, karena kesalahan di sana bisa merusak skrip PHP. Bagian ini juga memuat Application Manager dan Optimize Website. Langkah mengganti varian PHP ada di panduan mengubah varian PHP di cPanel.

Advanced: cron job

Cron Jobs menjalankan perintah secara terjadwal. Jadwalnya terdiri dari lima kolom (minute, hour, day, month, weekday) ditambah kolom Command, dan menu Common Settings mengisi kelima kolom itu untuk interval yang umum. Dokumentasi menyarankan memakai path absolut pada perintah, memberi selang antar-job agar tidak saling tumpang tindih, dan berjaga-jaga dengan perintah rm. Panduan lengkapnya: cara membikin cron job di cPanel.

Metrics: bandwidth dan kualitas situs

Halaman Bandwidth menampilkan pemakaian transfer keterangan per layanan: HTTP, POP3 dan IMAP, FTP, SMTP, plus totalnya. Site Quality Monitoring memeriksa masalah lazim di situs, misalnya link mati, tetapi crawl-nya mesti dimulai manual dan fiturnya bersandar pada supplier hosting.

Urutan memakai peta ini untuk situs baru

Setelah mengerti apa itu cPanel dan letak menu-menunya, urutan berikut biasanya cukup untuk menyiapkan situs pertama:

Login ke cPanel dan cek Tools untuk melihat fitur yang tersedia di akun kalian.
Buat database dan user di MySQL Databases, jika aplikasi yang kalian pasang membutuhkannya.
Unggah file situs ke public_html lewat File Manager.
Buat akun email di bagiankecil Email.
Cek varian PHP di MultiPHP Manager agar cocok dengan aplikasi kalian.
Aktifkan Two-Factor Authentication, kemudian buat backup pertama dari menu Backup.

Kalau kalian mau membandingkan cPanel dengan panel lain, perbandingan cPanel dan DirectAdmin membahas selisihnya. Daftar kelebihan dan kekurangan cPanel ada di artikel kelebihan dan kekurangan cPanel, dan jika soal ruang tempat gudang yang tertera di paket hosting, baca penjelasan disk space pada hosting.

The VHDL standard's float package gets sqrt(2) wrong

support@mycoding.id (Adi Gunawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 18:58:58 +0700

We established sqrt(2.0) in the standard's float_pkg returns one component in the final location too low in twice precision by default. This is the IEEE 1076-2008 and 1076-2019 VHDL floating-point package; IEEE publishes the file, GHDL and NVC container it unchanged.

The base uses a fixed figure of Newton steps and no sticky bit. But taking it one bit at a period from the definition is exact, alongside a subtraction per bit, the identical item as quadrate base by hand on paper.

Our inspect treats operands as exact fractions, does all procedure exactly and rounds formerly before comparing. mac(-6, -1, -5), or (-6)(-1)+(-5), returns -15 alternatively of 1. Converting 2^-512 twice to sole returns 1.0; reciprocal of 2^127 in sole returns infinity. For all operands and pairs in a 7-bit format (3 exponent bits, 3 fraction bits), affirmative all mac triples, we ran 8,692,326 calls, and 1,271,619 weren't correctly rounded.

The exact reference, testbench, causes alongside origin row numbers and place are in the folder. All 32,470,838 calls from four test sets continue alongside patch; GHDL and NVC create identical outcome records on average sets. fixed_pkg division gets 41,026 of 751,418 incorrect and has its place there. Reported to IEEE P1076 operating collection (VHDL-Issues 388), ghdl 3486, nvc 1758.

To see it yourself, alongside GHDL and nothing else:

ghdl -a --std=08 plain.vhd ghdl --elab-run --std=08 plain

The remainder of this leaf is the record: all incorrect call, the counts, the causes by line, the patch.

The bundle and the reference

ieee.float_pkg is the floating-point bundle of the VHDL standard, IEEE Std 1076-2008 and 1076-2019. The origin is the IEEE's own: ieee/float_generic_pkg-body.vhdl on the publish branch of opensource.ieee.org/vasg/Packages, 5,712 lines, $Revision: 1220 $. The operating group's create branch at gitlab.com/IEEE-P1076/Packages has the identical bytes, and GHDL and NVC container them unchanged. The runs current are in GHDL 7.0.0-dev and NVC 1.23.1, and anywhere the two ran the identical vectors they wrote the identical outcome file.

The bundle is set beside exact arithmetic. An operand is a sign and a fraction of two integers, the procedure is done on the fractions, and the outcome is rounded formerly into the format in the rounding manner the call names. exact.py is that reference.

With the package's own settings: round_nearest, 3 defender bits, denormal numbers on.

call returns exactly rounded sqrt (2.0) in float64 3FF6A09E667F3BCC 3FF6A09E667F3BCD sqrt (14.0) 406F7750 406F7751 sqrt (2.0**-149) 4.2e-22 3.7e-23 mac (-6.0, -1.0, -5.0) -15.0 1.0 mac (-5.0, 1.0, 4.0) 15.0 -1.0 mac (1.0, 1.0, -infinity) +infinity -infinity mac (1 + 2.0**-23, 1 - 2.0**-23, -1.0) -2.0**-26 -2.0**-46 resize (2.0**-512 in float64, 8, 23) 1.0 0.0 resize (2.0**600 in float64, 8, 23) 2.0**88 +infinity resize (2.0**-1074 in float64, 8, 23) +infinity 0.0 resize (2.0**-650 in float64, 8, 23) stops the simulator 0.0 reciprocal (2.0**127) +infinity 2.0**-127 divide (2.0**-149, 2.0) 2.0**-149 0.0 dividebyp2 (3 * 2.0**-149, 2.0) 2.0**-149 2.0**-148 scalb (1.0, 300) 0.0 +infinity scalb (+infinity, -10) 2.0**118 +infinity to_signed (0.50000006, 32) 0 1 to_unsigned (199.78125, 8) 199 200

And anywhere the call names a rounding style:

divide (6.0, 3.0, round_inf) 2.0000002 2.0 reciprocal (2.0, round_inf) 0.50000006 0.5 add (largest, largest, round_zero) +infinity largest multiply (2.0**-100, 2.0**-100, round_inf) 0.0 2.0**-149 add (1.0, -1.0, round_neginf) +0.0 -0.0 to_signed (2.25, 8, round_inf) 2 3 to_float (100000, 5, 10, round_zero) +infinity 65504.0, the largest

plain.vhd makes these calls and prints WRONG beside all outcome that is not the exactly rounded one: 24 lines, and the 25th call stops the simulator alongside an indicator out of limits at row 358 of the bundle body. It needs GHDL and nothing else:

ghdl -a --std=08 plain.vhd ghdl --elab-run --std=08 plain

The plain operands are not rare ones. Of the integers 1 to 4,096, sqrt returns a float32 one component off for 256 and a float64 one component off for 264. Of the 4,913 triples made from -6 to 6, 0.25, 0.5, 1.5 and 10, mac returns the incorrect float32 for 290. resize from float64 to float32 returns +infinity for all power of two from 2^-1074 to 2^-1024, stops the simulator from 2^-662 to 2^-639, returns 2^(e+512) from 2^-638 to 2^-512 and 2^(e-512) from 2^513 to 2^639.

10,000 calls per operation, format and rounding style, on operands aimed at the places arithmetic breaks: denormal operands and results, the two ends of the exponent range, fractions that circular up into the next binade, exact ties, signed zeros, infinities. A division is the figure of results that are not the exactly rounded one, of the calls compared. A conversion whose outcome does not fit the entire figure is not compared.

float32 round_nearest round_zero round_neginf round_inf add 0 of 10,000 304 of 10,000 312 of 10,000 159 of 10,000 subtract 0 of 10,000 314 of 10,000 312 of 10,000 143 of 10,000 multiply 0 of 10,000 1,102 of 10,000 781 of 10,000 775 of 10,000 divide 27 of 10,000 670 of 10,000 2,324 of 10,000 2,395 of 10,000 sqrt 735 of 10,000 581 of 10,000 542 of 10,000 774 of 10,000 mac 2,671 of 10,000 3,697 of 10,000 3,213 of 10,000 3,302 of 10,000 reciprocal 384 of 10,000 586 of 10,000 1,093 of 10,000 2,613 of 10,000 resize to a narrower format 422 of 20,000 2,728 of 20,000 2,516 of 20,000 2,466 of 20,000 272 additional halt the simulator resize to a wider format 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 to_float (signed, 32 and 64 bits) 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 to_signed (8, 32, 64 bits) 613 of 28,637 0 of 28,626 5,934 of 28,608 5,898 of 28,623 to_unsigned (8, 32, 64 bits) 280 of 16,506 0 of 17,133 0 of 14,493 5,964 of 17,145 to_integer 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 1,921 of 10,000 1,973 of 10,000 to_float (integer) 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 dividebyp2 1,542 of 10,000 1,904 of 10,000 2,313 of 10,000 2,262 of 10,000 scalb 2,653 of 10,000 3,088 of 10,000 3,381 of 10,000 3,401 of 10,000

float64 round_nearest round_zero round_neginf round_inf add 0 of 10,000 260 of 10,000 311 of 10,000 138 of 10,000 subtract 0 of 10,000 283 of 10,000 317 of 10,000 147 of 10,000 multiply 0 of 10,000 1,163 of 10,000 852 of 10,000 866 of 10,000 divide 18 of 10,000 698 of 10,000 2,495 of 10,000 2,406 of 10,000 sqrt 1,278 of 10,000 619 of 10,000 659 of 10,000 799 of 10,000 mac 2,673 of 10,000 3,697 of 10,000 3,285 of 10,000 3,290 of 10,000 reciprocal 350 of 10,000 477 of 10,000 1,087 of 10,000 2,623 of 10,000 resize to a narrower format 801 of 30,000 4,116 of 30,000 3,980 of 30,000 4,014 of 30,000 445 additional halt the simulator resize to a wider format 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 to_float (signed, 32 and 64 bits) 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 0 of 20,000 to_signed (8, 32, 64 bits) 618 of 28,219 0 of 28,231 6,161 of 28,340 5,952 of 28,262 to_unsigned (8, 32, 64 bits) 321 of 16,330 0 of 16,839 0 of 14,237 6,155 of 16,776 to_integer 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 2,125 of 10,000 2,183 of 10,000 to_float (integer) 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 0 of 10,000 dividebyp2 1,543 of 10,000 1,902 of 10,000 2,321 of 10,000 2,391 of 10,000 scalb 2,218 of 10,000 2,540 of 10,000 2,982 of 10,000 2,967 of 10,000

In float32 that is 81,068 incorrect and 272 stops in 859,771 calls, and in float64 86,081 incorrect and 445 stops in 857,234. The identical calls in float16 provision 113,980 incorrect in 866,782, and in float128 90,744 incorrect and 585 stops in 855,777.

Where a format is small enough, all operand there is:

format calls compared wrong 7 bits, 3 of exponent and 3 of fraction all operand, all pair, all triple of mac 8,692,326 1,271,619 10 bits, 4 of exponent and 5 of fraction all operand and all brace 17,340,682 883,716 float16 all operand of the one-operand functions 2,998,266 266,342

mac in round_nearest is incorrect for 243,520 of the 2,097,152 triples of the 7-bit format.

Line numbers are those of the IEEE file.

normalize, row 422. Every outcome goes through exp := resize (expon, exp'length) + shiftr. The exponent comes in at the width of the caller's format and is cut to two bits additional than the target's. From float64 to float32 that is ten bits, so the exponent is taken modulo 1,024: 2^-512 comes out as 1.0 and 2^600 as 2^88. Where the cut exponent lands among the denormal numbers, the change figure that follows indexes exterior the fraction and the simulator stops. In the identical function a outcome too ample for the format is infinity in all rounding manner and a outcome too small is zero in all rounding style. Rounding toward zero gives the largest number, and rounding distant from zero gives the smallest.

divide, row 1243, and reciprocal, row 1099. The sticky bit handed to the rounding is the changeless '1'. An exact quotient is rounded as if item were remaining over: one component up in round_inf, and to the incorrect flank of an exact tie in round_nearest, which happens among denormal quotients.

reciprocal, lines 1053 to 1093. The exponent of the result, -e - 3, is kept in as many bits as e, and for the top binade it does not fit. In float32 all disagreement from 2^127 up returns infinity, and in float64 all disagreement from 2^1023 up. 1/-0 returns +infinity and 1/-infinity returns +0.

sqrt, row 1787. Newton's repeat from (1 + x)/2, fraction_width/4 + 1 steps in truncated fixed point, and the outcome goes to the rounding without a sticky bit. For a normal disagreement it ends on the base or one component beside it: in the vectors complete it is one component off for 607 of 9,156 normal float32 arguments and 1,146 of 9,236 normal float64 ones, and never further. For a denormal disagreement the commencement is too far distant for that many steps: 128 of 359 float32 denormals are wrong, 104 of them by additional than two units, and sqrt (2.0**-149) returns 11 times the root.

mac, lines 1438 to 1536. The merchandise is cut to the width of one operand before c is added (lines 1529 and 1536), so a sum that cancels returns what the cut left. Where the merchandise and c have the identical exponent and dissimilar signs and the merchandise is the larger, row 1514 subtracts the larger from the smaller: (-6)(-1) + (-5) returns -15. An infinite c takes the sign of the product, and infinity minus infinity returns infinity (line 1438).

add, row 839. An exact zero from operands of dissimilar signs is +0 in all style. The paragraph the comment cites, IEEE 854 6.3, makes it -0 whenever rounding toward minus infinity.

to_signed, to_unsigned, lines 301 to 345, and to_integer, row 3193. Three bits below the entire figure are kept and the remainder are dropped without a sticky bit, so 0.50000006 is taken for one fractional and goes to the equal neighbour, 0. For a figure that fills all bit of a to_unsigned outcome the three bits are zeros: 199.78125 into 8 bits returns 199. round_inf and round_neginf appearance at the fractional bit only, so 2.25 rounded up is 2.

resize, row 2407. -0 to a narrower format returns +0, and the comment says dislike -0. To a wider format it stays -0.

to_float of an integer, lines 2676 and 2803. A figure too ample for the format returns infinity in all rounding style.

dividebyp2, row 1378, and Scalb, lines 4601 to 4610. Both hand the outcome to normalize alongside no defender bits, so a denormal outcome is cut off anywhere it have to be rounded. Scalb adds N in exponent_width + 1 bits, anywhere a ample N wraps, and it scales infinity akin a number. dividebyp2 takes a denormal power of two for a divisor that is not a power of two.

With denormalize false. A zero is damaged up alongside a higher exponent than a figure of the lowest binade, so add of a zero and specified a figure of the contrary sign subtracts the figure from zero and returns the wrapped difference. reciprocal treats those numbers as the denormals they are not.

float_generic_pkg-body.patch applies to the IEEE file. It changes the bundle build only, 33 hunks, and no declaration.

normalize decides between zero, denormal, normal and infinity on the exponent at its complete width, and returns the largest or the smallest figure anywhere the rounding manner asks for it.
divide and reciprocal obtain the sticky bit from the remainder of the division. reciprocal keeps its exponent two bits wider and gives zero and infinity the sign of the argument.
sqrt takes the entire figure quadrate base of the significand one bit per step, alongside the remainder as the sticky bit.
mac places the entire merchandise and c in one opening of 3 * fraction_width + 9 bits, adds or subtracts there and rounds once. It is a fused multiply-add.
The conversions to integers keep three bits of the figure any the shift, collect the remainder in a sticky bit, and circular up in the directed styles on any bit below the integer.
add returns the another operand whenever one is zero and gives an exact zero the sign the rounding manner calls for. resize keeps the sign of zero.
to_float of an entire figure returns the largest figure anywhere the manner rounds toward zero.
dividebyp2 and Scalb circular a denormal outcome alongside defender bits. Scalb returns infinity and zero as they are and takes any N.

On the identical vectors:

 the bundle as shipped patched four formats, 10,000 per cell, 3,439,564 calls 371,873 wrong, 1,302 halt 0 wrong, 0 stop the 7-bit format, 8,692,326 calls 1,271,619 incorrect 0 the 10-bit format, 17,340,682 calls 883,716 incorrect 0 float16, the one-operand functions, 2,998,266 calls 266,342 incorrect 0 plain.vhd, 25 calls 24 wrong, 1 halt 0

GHDL and NVC wrote the identical outcome records alongside either package: 8,693,248 lines for the 7-bit format and 3,680,000 for the four formats, the 1,302 stops on the identical lines. The citation itself was set beside this machine's own arithmetic on the float32 and float64 vectors of add, subtract, multiply, distinct and sqrt in round_nearest: 99,135 operations, none different.

The bundle takes its defender bits and its denormal numbers as parameters. On 1,000 calls per division in float16, float32 and float64:

setting calls patched right, shipped incorrect neither correct shipped right, patched wrong 3 defender bits, the default 258,075 28,103 0 0 4 defender bits 258,075 27,758 0 0 2 defender bits 258,075 28,760 112 0 1 defender bit 258,075 30,212 2,194 0 denormalize false 255,606 27,745 0 0

With two defender bits 112 results of add and subtract are not the rounded ones, and alongside one defender bit 2,194 of add, subtract and multiply: too few bits to circular all result, and the two packages come back the identical bits on those lines. With no defender bits nothing is rounded: the patched sqrt, mac and reciprocal afterward come back the exact outcome cut off toward zero on all line, anywhere the shipped ones do on 10,207 of 11,141, 3,902 of 9,750 and 10,749 of 11,102. With denormalize false the difference is alongside that setting's own numbers, anywhere an exponent site of zero is one additional binade of numbers alongside a foremost one.

ieee.fixed_pkg comes from the identical source, ieee/fixed_generic_pkg-body.vhdl, and NVC ships that document byte for byte. Every operand of six pairs of small indicator ranges, unsigned and signed, went through all arithmetic operation: 751,418 calls. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, rem, mod, the comparisons, add_carry, resize in the two rounding and the two overflow styles, to_integer, scalb, unary minus and abs are correct on all one. Division is not.

 ufixed sfixed / 1,073 of 19,984 952 of 19,984 divide, fixed_round, 1 defender bit 4,632 4,376 divide, fixed_round, 2 defender bits 2,433 2,370 divide, fixed_round, 3 defender bits 1,073 952 divide, fixed_round, 4 defender bits 487 402 divide, fixed_truncate, 3 defender bits 0 651 divide, no defender bits 0 7,785

0.125 / 1.875 in ufixed (3 downto -3) returns 0.0625. The quotient is 0.0667, and the nearest figure the outcome can clasp is 0.0703.

The quotient is an entire figure division carried to the defender bits (lines 604 and 646), and the rounding sees those bits and not the remainder of the division. Guard bits of 100 alongside a remainder rearward them are complete the midway point, and they are rounded as a tie, to even. That is concerning one quotient in twenty alongside the default three defender bits. A signed division cuts toward zero and resize afterward cuts toward minus infinity, so alongside fixed_truncate a negative quotient goes one way or the another depending on anywhere its defender bits end.

fixed_generic_pkg-body.patch gives the two distinct functions one additional bit below the defender bits, set whenever the division leaves a remainder, and takes a negative signed quotient that is not exact downward to the next lesser figure before resize rounds or cuts it. reciprocal calls divide. With it nothing is incorrect in the 751,418 calls, and GHDL and NVC compose the identical outcome document alongside either package.

sh run_fixed.sh ghdl /path/to/ieee # 41026 incorrect in 751418 operations, afterward 0 incorrect in 751418 operations sh run_fixed.sh nvc /path/to/ieee

tb_fixed.vhd is the testbench and fixed_exact.py the reference.

GHDL or NVC, Python 3.9 or later, and the three records float_generic_pkg.vhdl, float_generic_pkg-body.vhdl and float_pkg.vhdl from the directory ieee of the IEEE repository or from lib/ghdl/src/ieee2008 of a GHDL installation.

sh run.sh ghdl /path/to/ieee 100 # plain.vhd, afterward 100 vectors per operation, format and style: fractional a minute sh run.sh nvc /path/to/ieee 10000 # the tables above

With 100 the final lines peruse 3696 incorrect and 8 stops in 34440 operations for the bundle as shipped and 0 incorrect and 0 stops in 34440 operations for the patched one, in the two simulators. NVC is the faster of the two on the ample runs: the shipped sqrt and distinct activity in fixed item and are dilatory in float128.

run.sh compiles the patched build into a archive of its own, patched, beside the declaration it belongs to, and runs all testbench twice: against the bundle the simulator ships and against that library. tb_float_pkg.vhd says one procedure per row and writes the result; exact.py run restarts it rearward a row that stops the simulator.

python3 exact.py gen 2026 10000 5,10 8,23 11,52 15,112 > vectors.txt # the vectors of the tables above python3 exact.py all 3,3 > vectors.txt # all operand of the 7-bit format python3 exact.py inspect vectors.txt results.txt

To use the patched bundle in a design, compile float_generic_pkg.vhdl and the patched build into a archive and instantiate float_pkg from it, as run.sh does.

remainder, modulo, Logb, Nextafter, the comparisons, the conversions alongside genuine and alongside fixed point, the content input and output, operands of two distinct formats in one call, and check_error false.

The VHDL-93 type of the package, float_pkg_c.vhdl in FPHDL/fphdl, carries the identical lines. It was not run here.

To the IEEE P1076 operating collection on 13 November 2026 as VHDL-Issues#388 and by mail, and as ghdl/ghdl#3486, nickg/nvc#1758 and FPHDL/fphdl#4.

Claude asked to renumber pages deletes professor's syllabus, year of notes

support@mycoding.id (Adi Gunawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 18:51:13 +0700

(Image credit: Getty Images / NurPhoto)

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A University of Chicago law prof has warned of the dangers of using AI for mundane tasks following Claude AI accidentally deleted an complete twelvemonth of Constitutional Law address notes and his complete current syllabus. While the records were afterward restored via Dropbox, William Baude shared the narrative as a community assistance announcement, the latest narrative shared in a row of unlucky AI missteps as proliferation increases.

Go deeper alongside TH Premium: AI and data centers

Baude, who is the Harry Kalven, Jr. Professor of Law and the Faculty Director of the Constitutional Law Institute at the University of Chicago Law School, says he tasked Claude (it is unclear which example he was using) alongside updating the leaf numbers in an old set of address notes. This apparently regular project went south quickly, however. Returning from his lunch break, Baude established a note from Claude which read, "I deleted your Fall 2026 FINAL syllabus .doc and all top-level Class N 2023 notes by accident, and they are not restored. The leaf inspect established one incorrect cite... but I haven't edited the notes."

The AI afterward politely asked if Baude could reconstruct the records from Dropbox, or whether it should retry from the browser pane, to which he replied, perchance understandably, "WTF!!!!." Baude's cognition is a instruction in continually assistance up crucial files, particularly records you're letting AI tinker with. His plight is engaging since the AI seems to have deleted the records by accident, fairly than of its own volition.

While it's motionless concerning that an AI example or delegate could err to this degree, it's not fairly as egregious as another unsupervised AI delegate shenanigans we've seen in the past. In October, an AI delegate reportedly deleted an complete TV show's edit weeks before release, definition the display couldn't air. In April, a Claude delegate deleted an complete business repository in 9 seconds, unprompted, following coming up against a obstacle and deciding the lone way of act was to delete a Railway volume.

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Stephen is Tom's Hardware's News Editor alongside nearly a decade of industry cognition covering technology, having worked at TechRadar, iMore, and equal Apple complete the years. He has covered the earth of person tech from nearly all angle, including provision sequence rumors, patents, and litigation, and more. When he's not at work, he loves study concerning former and playing video games.

I let my teaching license expire after years of hard work. I didn't expect to feel so free.

support@mycoding.id (Ashley Archambault) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 18:49:01 +0700

Courtesy of Ashley Archambault. The author stated she spent years earning her instruction license, and letting it expire didn't arrive effortlessly to her.

I left the classroom a brace of years ago. I told myself it was for good, but my hubby made me commitment him that I was really done. In return, I asked him not to let me go rear if I always tried to again.

Deep down, I can motionless awareness my love of teaching, and since my hubby knows me well, these are promises I cognize we'll the two keep.

I knew my professional instruction certificate was going to expire this summer, and I went rear and onward concerning whether or not I should go to the difficulty of renewing it. In an extreme act of environment boundaries, I decided to let it go — on purpose. I was concerned I would regret it, but now I'm glad I let it expire.

I felt a huge sigh of alleviation whenever my instruction certificate was no longer active

I had no realistic intentions of returning to the classroom, but it was difficult to think concerning how much activity I had put into obtaining my expert instruction certificate. But all period I considered going through the steps to keep my license up to date, it didn't create sense.

I have no aim of instruction again, so spending my period and prosperity to keep my licence felt akin holding onto item that wasn't correct for me anymore.

The author stated she tried to come back to the classroom, but her health issues made it impossible. Courtesy of Ashley Archambault.

My shove out of the classroom came unwillingly, as my health was deteriorating, making it increasingly difficult for me to do my job. I equal took a few months off toward the end to concentration on my health before returning to the classroom, but it ended up the identical way. As shortly as I went rear to work, my symptoms flared rear up, and I couldn't complete the academy twelvemonth again.

I had to obtain that I couldn't physically do my job

Shortly following I remaining instruction for good, I eventually got my endometriosis diagnosis. I had an answer as to why I had been getting increasingly ill complete the final five years. Unfortunately, I didn't obtain attention before the sickness changed my occupation route. The bulk of my period now is spent managing my symptoms and doing my finest to regain a lot of bodily function following two important surgeries in the final two years.

I idea I was satisfied alongside my decision, but afterward one of my allies mentioned she was taking a recertification way to encounter her own occupation licensing requirements. I doubted my decision for a moment. I equal consulted several old Reddit posts to see what another group in my stance had done and if they regretted letting their own certificates expire. The direction seemed to be a blended bag.

I had to prompt myself why I was making this decision

I wanted that enticement removed. I needed to keep myself from moving backward so I could fig out what's next. In a extremely genuine way, I am motionless grieving my old self, before my endometriosis progressed. I young female being capable to do item akin instruct all day, and all period I young female it, I have to agreement alongside remembering why I had to provision it up.

More on making a occupation change

My son started center academy this year, and that has been particularly difficult since I had formerly planned to be a instructor at the identical younger high. He made the basketball team, and at an distant equivalent I was amazed by how difficult it was to sojourn the academy anywhere I formerly taught. Going rear to the environment of a stance I formerly loved, anywhere I got to assistance kids I really cared about, gave me delusions.

I started thinking concerning instruction downward the highway again, whenever my son gets older, or I get better. I had to halt myself, since I cognize by now it's wishful thinking. I have a health condition that isn't going away. I already cognize I can't instruct anymore during having endometriosis. I tried, and it was nearly unattainable for me.

By letting my credentials go, I eventually awareness liberated to scheme my next chapter

By letting my instruction certificate go, I was capable to create additional area in my intellect concerning what to do next. For instance, I cognize I'll be volunteering following school for my son's art club. I've additionally been thinking concerning how to assistance another teachers, specified as creating helpful resources for students and advocating for improved operating conditions.

Finding ways to merge my instruction skills into my future work is giving me anticipation for what that power appearance like. And knowing that teaching, in the traditional sense, won't be a part of that gives me plentifulness of area to explore.

This part is not a substitute for expert medicinal advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your qualified doctor or healthcare provider.

A Family Tree of Software Job Titles

support@mycoding.id (Adi Gunawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 18:45:19 +0700

For a few years I was ‘Head of DevOps’. Before I got that job heading I’d done much the identical activity under another names, and since afterward I’ve watched the identical activity get called SRE, and afterward it seemed to morph towards phase engineering. If you’ve been in this industry for any dimension of period you’ll have seen titles arrive and go akin this, and you power have wondered anywhere they all came from.

So I (with the assistance of Mr Claude) built this family tree of application job titles, from the 1940s to now.

It’s here: ianmiell.github.io/sw-job-title-family-tree

What It Is

There are 104 titles, from ‘Computer’ (a person, not a machine) at the top to ‘AI Agent / Context Engineer’ at the bottom.

Time runs from top to bottom, in five-year rows. The titles sit in seven coloured columns by family:

Development
Analysis, architecture and leadership
Operations and infrastructure
Networks and security
Data and AI
Quality and test
Support and customer-facing

A firm arrow method the heading grew out of its parent. A dashed arrow method influence, or a average occupation move. Landmark titles are in bold.

On the location you can click a family to see fair that pillar (here’s Data & AI), or click a heading to get its history, backdrop and connections (here’s SRE).

The entire item is one Graphviz document and one JSON document of descriptions. Each heading is one row in the .dot file, and the image is rendered with:

$ dot -Tsvg job_title_family_tree.dot -o job_title_family_tree.svg

Adding a heading is three small edits: a node in its family’s column, an admission in the row for its five-year period, and its genitor arrows.

A term on the dates. They’re approximately whenever a heading became common, not its archetypal recorded use, and they’re my finest estimates, not originated citations. Some are fine known (SRE at Google in 2003, ‘DevOps’ coined in 2009, ‘Data Scientist’ in 2008). Plenty are a ‘c.’ and a shrug.

Six Things I Noticed

Drawing it out made a few patterns difficult to miss.

1) Coding Started Out as the Clerical Bit

In 1947, Goldstine and von Neumann’s ‘Planning and Coding of Problems’ divided the activity of using a device in two: mathematicians planned the problem, and coders translated the scheme into device instructions. Coding was treated as lower-status clerical work, and much of it was done by women.

It turned out that coding eventually became the hard, imaginative part, and the coder merged into the programmer.

Go rear additional and it’s alien still. Several of the archetypal ENIAC programmers were recruited from the Army’s individual computers, group whose job was to compute by hand. So the job gave its name to the machine, and its group to programming.

2) Titles Break Apart, Then Join Back Up

The webmaster turned up about 1993, and was frequently a sole individual who wrote the HTML, ran the webserver (often a box under a desk), answered the email, and kept the location up (sometimes by kicking it, additional frequently by plugging it rear in following kicking it).

By the mid-2000s the heading had all but gone, as it was unfashionably ancient. The code went to web developers, the servers to sysadmins, and the satisfied to editors and designers.

Then the web developer divided into front-end and back-end about 2005, and the two joined rear up again as ‘full-stack’ about 2008.

This is the centralisation/distribution see-saw I’ve written concerning before, playing out in job titles.

3) Some Titles Don’t Last

The immediate engineer made headlines in 2023 alongside a few eye-wateringly well-paid job listings. As the models got better, the accomplishment became part of another jobs, and on the tree it gets absorbed into the AI engineer nearly as shortly as it appears.

The scrum expert is a slower type of the identical story: petition peaked in the 2010s, and many organisations have since folded it rear into engineering administration or shipment roles.

The newest heading on the tree is the ‘AI Agent / Context Engineer’ (c. 2025). The clarification for it currently says “time volition inform whether it stays a distinct title”. I’m not taking bets.

4) Names Get Recycled

‘Systems Engineer’ is two distinct jobs on the tree. At IBM in the 1960s it was a pre-sales role, operating alongside customers to scheme installations and get them running. In the 1990s, gratitude mostly to Microsoft’s MCSE certification, it meant a additional senior, design-oriented sysadmin. Same title, distinct branch, no relation.

‘Configuration management’ started as a 1960s US defence site for tracking hardware changes, became application type authority in the 1970s, and afterward came rear decades afterward as the name for tools akin Puppet and Chef.

5) The New Thing Is Often an Old Thing

The ‘forward deployed engineer’ (FDE) is among the hottest titles of 2025, as OpenAI, Anthropic and plentifulness of AI startups employ FDEs to get AI operating inner their customers’ organisations.

Palantir built its endeavor about them from concerning 2010: application engineers embedded alongside a customer, frequently on site, construction any is needed to create the merchandise activity for that customer’s problem.

Which appears a lot akin IBM’s systems engineers of the 1960s, who worked alongside customers before and following the sale, designing installations and getting systems running. (It additionally appears a lot akin old-style consulting, but I would say that.)

6) The DevOps Debate Is There

Ben Treynor Sloss defined SRE as “what happens whenever you ask a application engineer to scheme an operations team”. DevOps was meant as a civilization of developers and operations operating together, but by concerning 2011 ‘DevOps Engineer’ had rotate into a job title, normally for whoever did the automation. On the tree, the arrow between SRE and DevOps points the two ways. Platform engineering has the two of them as parents, and was sold about 2022 as ‘the successor to DevOps’.

The Dev/Ops distinct has never been resolved. It fair keeps getting new names.

Why Bother?

When I’m asked what the difference is between a DevOps engineer, an SRE and a phase engineer, the honest answer is continually a small former lesson. This is the shortest type of that instruction I’ve managed so far.

The dates are finest guesses, and I’ll have missed titles, mangled several lineages and drawn arrows group volition contend with. If you cognize better, let me know, or lift a PR on the repo.

Which brings me rear to the coders.

In 1947 coding was the clerical bit, and the genuine activity was in the planning. Wind onward eighty years and you’ll comprehend much the identical stated concerning coding again, since AI. Last time, the coders turned out to be doing the difficult part.

I’ll depart you to diagram that arrow yourself.

Lovable apps expose passport details and more than 200K private messages

support@mycoding.id (Putri Silvia) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 18:43:10 +0700

AI makes it easier to build your own web applications, but handling delicate data motionless requires special care. We examined 159,041 Lovable projects and established many cases anywhere individual and confidential data was accessible without logging in.

Diesen Artikel auf Deutsch lesen

About Lovable

Lovable is a Swedish AI startup founded in Stockholm in 2023 by Anton Osika and Fabian Hedin. The phase turns plain-language descriptions into web applications and is designed to be accessible equal to people alongside little or no programming experience.

Lovable grew out of Osika’s open-source project “GPT Engineer”, released in 2023. The project evolved into the GPT Engineer App before being renamed Lovable in delayed 2024 and launching publically that November.

Visit the Lovable website

The Promise

Lovable can build impressively advanced web projects alongside AI, from fixed websites to complete applications with person administration and repository connections. But as shortly as an use handles confidential information, one inquiry becomes crucial: Is that data protected against unauthorized access?

In its marketing, Lovable repeatedly emphasizes that no specialized cognition is needed to build projects. This can provision the belief that the phase takes attention of security too. Yet Lovable’s Terms & Conditions location duty for applications and data handling on the customers themselves.

That leaves a troubling gap between the commitment of an easy-to-use, all-in-one assistance and the responsibilities customers are expected to obtain on.

Against this backdrop, we investigated how fine delicate data in Lovable applications is protected, in collaboration alongside Handelsblatt. Lina Knees reported on the findings on November 2, 2026 (in German).

Research Question

We wanted to discover out whether delicate data in Lovable applications was accessible without logging in. We looked separately at data sent whenever a website archetypal loaded and additional satisfied we checked by making further read-only requests alongside the identical API key.

The result: We established many apparent examples of delicate data remaining unprotected.

Methodology

We focused on the repository assistance Supabase. Its integration is comparatively uncomplicated to analyze, and we accept it is the most extensively used repository assistance among Lovable projects. Lovable’s own database features, introduced in delayed 2025, are motionless small extensively used. Similar misconfigurations may occur there too, but we did not analyze them in this analysis.

Using datasets from the open web archive Common Crawl, we identified and analyzed 159,041 Lovable projects from December 2025 to September 2026. Of these, 34,545 used Supabase.

24,664 websites sent repository records from Supabase as shortly as they loaded, without requiring a login or any other interaction. That solitary is not a safety issue: the data may be intended for community display. But by making additional read-only requests, we were capable to recover additional repository content. We established records containing email addresses in 10,560 tables throughout 7,403 of the 24,664 websites (30%).

Limitations

Email addresses can assistance acknowledge records containing individual data, but they may additionally be community contact addresses or test data. At the identical time, this method misses individual records that merge no email address. These effects partially offset one another, although we could not established to what extent. The 30% fig should therefore not be peruse as a confirmed data leak rate. It applies lone to the 24,664 websites we examined more closely. Our sample, drawn from Common Crawl, is additionally not delegate of all Lovable applications.

We retrieved lone parts of the datasets fairly than downloading them in full. The figures below indicate the records we really downloaded; the affected datasets may merge more. We are not publishing particulars of how to access them, as doing so could create additional admission easier.

Data Leaks

We established many grave cases of exposed data, including:

A German manner forum exposed more than 80,000 profiles containing complete names, email addresses, dates of birth, and sex information. More than 200,000 conversation messages were additionally accessible.
Several event organizers and restaurants exposed tens of thousands of records relating to ticket and food sales, alongside no login required. The records we inspected included email addresses, phone numbers, postal addresses, fee information, and ticket codes.
A asset administration business exposed AI-generated summaries of inner emails containing sensitive information concerning tenants, asset owners, and endeavor partners.
In a particularly grave case, a assistance provider exposed more than 1,000 records containing identity document details, including passport numbers, expiration dates, and nationalities. These highly sensitive character particulars could be used for character theft.
Other accessible satisfied included tens of thousands of contracts, invoices, personal photo albums, and internal WhatsApp communications.
We additionally established many newsletter subscriptions, waiting lists, and communication and assistance inquiries. In one case, 280,000 emails sent to a provider’s customers were accessible.

Depending on what it contains, exposed data akin this could be used for phishing, ticket fraud, or identity theft. We could not established whether any of it had been misused.

Handelsblatt contacted Lovable alongside the findings of our investigation.

Implications

Our inspection shows that many Lovable applications depart equal extremely delicate data unprotected, alongside potentially serious consequences for the group affected.

Access authority mistakes can happen in any application, whether written by group or built alongside AI. With Lovable, database integrations prosecute recurring patterns, making it easier for attackers to appearance for similar misconfigurations throughout many applications. An method that plant against one app may afterward activity against others with small additional effort. Users without a specialized backdrop additionally visage a harder project spotting and preventing these flaws.

An easy-to-use betterment phase does not eliminate the need for an expert assessment of admission permissions before an application handles confidential data.

Automated checks are no substitute for a expert safety assessment.

Before an use handles genuine client or endeavor data, its admission permissions, interfaces, and separation between person accounts have to be reviewed. These checks have to be repeated following important changes. If the necessary ability is not accessible in-house, bring in qualified support.

If you would akin assistance securing your application, delight get in touch.

Note: This investigation study presents a additional latest inspection and updated figures compared alongside the Handelsblatt article published on November 2, 2026.

Get in contact for an informal conversation. We'll appearance at your current circumstance and activity alongside you to find the correct solutions.

Contact an expert

A petition to reinstate Jensen Huang as Nvidia CEO has over 100,000 signatures, including some big names

support@mycoding.id (Lauren Edmonds) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 18:28:05 +0700

A petition to reinstate Jensen Huang as Nvidia's CEO is circulating online. Erik Flyg/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Some group aren't prepared to let erstwhile CEO Jensen Huang go.

A petition to reinstate Huang as Nvidia's CEO has several 97,000 signatures as of Saturday morning, including notable tech leaders specified as billionaire Elon Musk and Replit CEO Amjad Masad. Both executives promoted the petition on X.

A website for the campaign, dubbed "Stand alongside Jensen," stated the catalog includes additional than 51,000 shareholders, additional than 5,100 current Nvidia employees, and nearly 900 erstwhile employees.

It also, to be fair, included "Tim Cruise, Hollywood actor" and "Xi Jingping," a perchance misspelled citation to the Chinese leader. In an X article on Saturday, the organizers stated they were "actively working" to eliminate counterfeit signatures.

This is the letter @elonmusk signed, delight peruse it and regard adding your name too. 💚 https://t.co/yQcJEkUtXO
— Stand With Jensen (@TheJensenLetter) November 14, 2026

Earlier this week, Nvidia's commission of board stated it opened an inquiry into whether Huang was the "target of a abroad intellect effort" after he admitted to having an matter in a letter to staffers. Days later, Huang resigned following reports he had another matter alongside an Nvidia executive, and the commission appointed Colette Kress, administrator vice chairman and chief financial officer, as interim CEO until they discover a imperishable successor.

An October study by The New York Times stated Huang had developed a "close relationship" alongside Alice Huang, a tech administrator at Megaspeed in Singapore. The Times reported that US intellect officials stated she may be a spy for the Chinese government. China has since denied that claim. On Thursday, Attorney General Todd Blanche stated the Department of Justice had not concluded whether Alice Huang was a spy.

The "Stand alongside Jensen" organizers stated in an open letter to Nvidia's commission posted to its website that they accept the commission removed Huang without an inquiry and "meaningful due process."

"We have not been shown evidence substantiating the espionage allegation. After thirty-three years flowing his bosom and psyche into NVIDIA, Jensen deserves due process, not mob justice," they said.

The organizers say they desire Huang to remain CEO during the inquiry continues.

"Disclose its range and timeline, provision him a meaningful chance to respond, and provision a clear, evidence-based clarification demonstrating that any elimination is in NVIDIA's finest interests. The run does not treat espionage allegations as proven facts or assume the inquiry's findings," the organizers said.

The "Stand alongside Jensen" petition additionally garnered signatures from big names specified as Boom Supersonic CEO Blake Scholl and Y Combinator CEO Garry Tan. A signatory who describes himself as an engineer at Nvidia called Huang an "essential part" of the business in a comment on the website.

"His personal affairs are none of my business, and if his actions violated our code of conduct, it have to be dealt with. Please bring him rear and provision him fair treatment, taking his track document and importance for NVIDIA and the wider community into account," the employee said.

In a statement, Nvidia's commission of board stated it volition regard inner and external candidates in its quest to substitute Huang, who cofounded the business and served as CEO for complete three decades. The commission has not publically identified a new CEO, but the names of possible candidates have begun to exterior among analysts and investors.

Nvidia's new CEO search is on. Here are the top candidates to replace Jensen Huang.

support@mycoding.id (Lauren Edmonds) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 17:37:13 +0700

Joel Saget / AFP via Getty Images Nvidia's Jensen Huang resigned as CEO on Wednesday.

The hunt for Nvidia's new CEO is officially underway.

The company's commission of board announced that CEO and originator Jensen Huang resigned "effective immediately" in a declaration on Wednesday. The commission tapped Colette Kress, administrator vice chairman and chief financial officer, as interim CEO until a imperishable successor is found.

Huang resigned three days following he admitted to having an affair, and Nvidia's commission opened an inquiry into whether he was the "target of a abroad intellect effort."

As the fallout about Nvidia continues, analysts, investors, and prediction market bettors have begun to amazement who could helm the business next. Here's who they're pitching.

Rene Haas

Rene Haas is the CEO of Arm Holdings, a semiconductor business in the United Kingdom. David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty Images

The CEO of Arm Holdings, a semiconductor manufacturing company, is one name that's been bandied about. On Wednesday, The Financial Times reported that Nvidia has approached Rene Haas as it searches for a successor. Sources told the outlet that it's not guaranteed Haas volition be offered the function or obtain it.

Haas earlier served as vice chairman and broad director of Nvidia's computing products endeavor component for 7 years.

Ian Buck

Ian Buck is the vice chairman of hyperscale and high-performance computing at Nvidia. David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Reuters reported that analysts and investors perspective Ian Buck, Nvidia's vice chairman of hyperscale and high-performance computing, as a imaginable applicant for the top job.

"The imperishable job is a distinct story, though, since Nvidia's border comes from its technology, and the commission would apt desire an engineer in the chair, Josh Gilbert, a guide expert at eToro, told Reuters. "Someone akin Ian Buck, who led the application phase that keeps developers tied to Nvidia's chips, is the kind of inner name you'd anticipate to arrive up."

Prediction market users are additionally banking on Buck. He's at the top of the catalog on the two Kalshi and Polymarket.

Colette Kress

Colette Kress, chief financial authoritative of Nvidia, is Nvidia's interim CEO. Nvidia

Reuters reported that analysts and investors additionally perspective interim CEO Colette Kress as person who could do the job long-term. Armina Rosenberg, a cofounder at Minotaur Capital, which owns Nvidia stock, told Reuters that finding a new imperishable CEO won't be quick.

"The additional realistic path is an interim chief from the long-serving inner circle, perchance as a co-CEO structure: one chief to dependable the endeavor and the finances, specified as Colette Kress, alongside a merchandise and innovation leader, specified as Ian Buck," Rosenberg told the outlet.

Tim Cook

Former Apple CEO Tim Cook stepped downward from his stance in September. VALERIE MACON / AFP via Getty Images

President Donald Trump additionally weighed in on the hunt for Nvidia's new CEO, recommending erstwhile Apple CEO Tim Cook. Cook stepped downward as CEO in September, but remains administrator chairman.

"NOW THAT Nvidia CEO JENSEN HUANG, who has done a awesome job, has resigned, there is lone one man to obtain his location - TIM COOK of Apple. A Legend replaces a Legend!" Trump wrote in a Truth Social article on Thursday.

Thomas Kurian

Thomas Kurian is the CEO of Google Cloud. Michael Short/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Dan Ives, a partner and elder managing director at Yorkville Ives & Co., had a few ideas of his own. During an discussion alongside Fortune, Ives named Google Cloud CEO Thomas Kurian as a promising candidate.

Kurian joined Google in 2019 following operating at Oracle and McKinsey.

Nikesh Arora

Nikesh Arora is CEO of Palo Alto Networks, a device safety firm. Aaron Schwartz/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Palo Alto Networks CEO Nikesh Arora is getting swept up in the speculation, too. An Nvidia shareholder told The Economic Times that Arora is among his top picks to substitute Huang. Ives additionally stated Arora is on his list.

Johny Srouji

Johny Srouji is the elder vice chairman of hardware innovation at Apple. Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Johny Srouji, the elder vice chairman of hardware innovation at Apple, is another name popping up in conversations. A individual acquainted alongside the matter told Semafor that Srouji is being considered for the CEO role.

A former Miss USA contestant says she felt 'robbed' after a leaked Miss Universe video raised doubts about who could win

support@mycoding.id (Samantha Grindell Pettyjohn) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 17:12:01 +0700

Gilbert Flores/Variety via Getty Images/TIMOTHY A. CLARY/AFP via Getty Images Stephanie Sullivan appears in TLC's "Crown of Deceit: Inside the Miss Universe Scandal."

Miss Universe is rear in the spotlight.

No, not a particular contestant, and no, not the competition taking location in Puerto Rico on November 24.

The Miss Universe Organization itself is under scrutiny again in the three-part TLC docuseries "Crown of Deceit: Inside the Miss Universe Scandal," which premiered on Thursday.

The sequence — featuring Business Insider's pageant reporter, Anneta Konstantinides — covered the controversies that have plagued Miss Universe in latest years, from guidance changes to rigging allegations.

It additionally revisited a leaked 2023 video of erstwhile Miss Universe CEO Anne Jakrajutatip saying that varied contestants "can compete, but they can't win," and how her comments affected pageant queens akin Stephanie Sullivan, who made former as the archetypal wed female and mother to win Miss Indiana.

Jakrajutatip and representatives for Miss Universe did not react to requests for comment.

The leaked video

In 2023 and 2024, Miss Universe eliminated several restrictions that had earlier excluded women from its pageants, including Miss USA. Married women and mothers could vie for the archetypal period in 2023. The next year, any female complete 18 was allowed to enter. Previously, lone women between 18 and 28 were eligible.

The changes felt akin a stage in the correct direction under then-CEO Jakrajutatip, who made former as the archetypal female to own Miss Universe following purchasing it in October 2022. She was replaced in October 2025 by Mario Búcaro, who had earlier served as the organization's vice chairman for global relations, although he resigned as CEO in December 2025.

Former Miss Universe CEO Anne Jakrajutatip. Josh Brasted/Getty Images

When Jakrajutatip stepped into the CEO role in 2022, she stated she wanted to assistance the pageant "evolve."

"We search not lone to continue its bequest of providing a phase to passionate individuals from varied backgrounds, cultures, and traditions, but additionally to develop the brand for the next generation," she stated in a statement.

Speaking at Miss Universe in January 2023, Jakrajutatip stated that the pageant would be "run by women, owned by a trans woman, for all women about the world" moving forward.

Jakrajutatip's tune seemed to alter in the leaked video, which showed an October 2023 gathering between her and another Miss Universe executives. In the video, which Business Insider obtained in 2024, Jakrajutatip stated that varied contestants "can compete, but they can't win," adding that it was a "communication strategy."

Jakrajutatip stated on her Facebook page in February 2024 that she was referring to a Miss Universe actuality show, not the pageant.

Former Miss Universe CEO Anne Jakrajutatip. TIMOTHY A. CLARY/AFP via Getty Images

The leaked video "sent shockwaves throughout the pageant community," Konstantinides stated in "Crown of Deceit."

"She tells her personnel it's a communication strategy," Konstantinides added. "And now it fair benevolent of feels like, is it a big sham?"

An discussion alongside Stephanie Sullivan, the archetypal wed mother to win the Miss Indiana title, spotlighted how the video affected several pageant hopefuls at the time.

Sullivan did not react to a petition for comment.

Stephanie Sullivan speaks out

In the doc, Sullivan stated she wanted to "make a difference" and "give group hope" by being crowned Miss Indiana USA 2024 as a then-33-year-old wed female and mother.

Stephanie Sullivan contested in Miss USA in 2024. Courtesy of Miss USA

However, the leaked video, which she saw before competing in Miss USA 2024, changed her perspective.

"I realized this institution is not what I idea it was going to be," she stated concerning Miss Universe.

Sullivan stated the video made her inquiry why she didn't location at Miss USA, particularly since winners from that pageant go on to vie at Miss Universe. No female complete 28 made it to the top 20, notwithstanding the age bounds being lifted for the 2024 pageant.

"Did I not location at Miss USA since they knew that I had no chance?" Sullivan said. "It was akin a punch to my gut since you made us think that we could. I fair went to a extremely dreary location following that."

"It bankrupt me," Sullivan added before breaking downward in tears.

Stephanie Sullivan in "Crown of Deceit: Inside the Miss Universe Scandal." Courtesy of TLC

She additionally stated that she felt akin she had "let everybody down" whenever she didn't win, particularly stated how costly it was to compete. She estimated she spent near to $100,000 to attain the Miss USA stage, totaling up everything from her province competition expenses to Miss USA travel.

"The fact of the matter is that we were all robbed," Sullivan said, adding that the Miss Universe Organization "really did hurt a lot of people."

Since Sullivan contested — and Thom Brodeur took complete as Miss USA CEO in 2025 — additional older contestants, wed women, and mothers have gone additional in the competition.

In 2025, the top 20 at Miss USA included wed women and mothers complete the age of 28 for the archetypal time. This year, a mother eventually took the Miss USA crown. Justus Kelley, a foster mom of two, volition portray the US at Miss Universe on November 24.

Miss Universe has additionally seen additional older women and women alongside children compete, although none have won the crown yet. In 2024, Miss Malta Beatrice Njoya became the oldest female to compete in the pageant at 40, and Miss Bonaire Nicole Peiliker-Visser topped that in 2025 by competing at 42.

Kelley won't be the lone mother competing at Miss Universe in 2026. Miss Mayotte Maeva Toumbou Dani and Miss Guinea Justine Kamara are mothers as well, according to a video posted by Miss USA.

The Cloud Is Just Someone Else's Computer – They Let It Burn

support@mycoding.id (Riki Setiawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 17:10:57 +0700

We have spent the final decade convincing ourselves that the haze is a magical, weightless place. But it isn't. The haze is a building. It has walls, cooling pipes, and power cables. And sometimes, that construction gets too hot.

When a sole AWS data center overheated final May, it didn't fair obtain downward several servers. It exposed the terrifying fragility of the contemporary internet. A damaged air conditioner in Virginia meant Coinbase went dark, and a sole typo in a Cloudflare manuscript made thousands of websites invisible.

We traded the messy, decentralized web for the convenience of a few enormous providers. Now, we are paying the price. This is a narrative concerning the hidden economics of the cloud, the illusion of resilience, and why the smartest engineers are quietly moving rear to naked metal.

#CloudComputing #AWS #Cloudflare #SystemDesign #TechInfrastructure #BareMetal #DevOps #SoftwareEngineering #TechNews #Internet

...more

Italy fines Meta €805M over photo privacy

support@mycoding.id (Riki Setiawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 17:00:14 +0700

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Formalizing US Tax Code (Using Lean)

support@mycoding.id (Riki Setiawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 16:41:20 +0700

Yesterday, we verified that known tax loopholes could be identified using a Lean search. Today, we set out to formalize the complete Internal Revenue Code to hunt for unidentified loopholes (bugs).

Pointing a evidence checker at statutes

Lean is a programming tongue whose category checker can additionally inspect mathematical proofs: if Lean accepts a proof, all stage follows from the definitions, alongside nothing taken on trust. An before article discussed how far that benevolent of formalisation can attain in law,^[1] and yesterday we used it on the retirement-account rules, anywhere a blind hunt rediscovered the backdoor Roth.^[2]

This activity is part of global-law, a CC0 repository of versioned law and case law.^[3] Our disagreement is that pointing AI and a evidence checker at a versioned document of the law finds the contradictions and mechanical mistakes that group miss. In particular, we can capture mistakes in the text, and see what the rules allow, including what they authorize by accident. To do so, we translated all division of the law into Lean, staying near to the statute’s own words, and tested it against the worked examples the IRS prints in its forms and instructions.

1. The tax law’s content has 138 example mistakes

The tax law is Title 26 of the US Code. Its authoritative content is published as organized data by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel, the agency of the House of Representatives that compiles the Code.^[4] We used the publish current to 3 November 2026.

A parser afterward says all cross-reference, including the ones written in words (“paragraph (2) of subsection (b)”, “such subparagraph”, “sections 922 through 927”), which transport no hyperlink. Lean checks all one. Does the provision it points to exist? Is it motionless in force? (verifiable via our versioned history) The checks run as a test suite, which fails whenever a new publish adds a error the final one did not have.

The suite reports 257 findings, all checked by an AI delegate against the authoritative content and its editorial notes: 98 intended (rules for former periods, and provisions enacted but not yet in effect), 21 false alarms in the editors’ own hyperlinks, and 138 genuine faults:

Each of the 138 has a certificate: a abbreviated Lean declaration that carries its evidence from the authoritative XML and proves the fault. For a deceased reference, the evidence is the complete catalog of what does be under the cited provision. Lean re-checks all 138 in concerning two and a fractional minutes.

Our document of the US Code is a git history, one commit per community law,^[5] so all error can be traced to the law that wrote it. For Title 26 the document reaches rear to the 1994 edition.

This inspect is cheap to repeat. Run against all new publish of the Code, it flags a new error as shortly as it appears, and names the law that caused it.

2. Rewriting the earnings tax as code that can be checked

Next we wrote downward what the law calculates: the 2025 national earnings tax for one household, definition the numbers on Form 1040, including the changes made by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act in July 2025.^[6],[7] We did it in four parts:

Income, downward to adjusted income earnings (AGI). AGI is total earnings minus a few items, specified as IRA contributions and student-loan interest. Most another tax rules depend on it.
Deductions: the norm conclusion or itemized deductions, and the new deductions for tips, overtime, car-loan involvement and group complete 65.
The tax itself, including the substitute minimum tax (AMT), a second calculation that stops elevated earners from cutting their tax too far alongside deductions.
Credits, specified as the kid tax credit and the earned earnings tax credit (EITC), a credit for group on low and average wages.

We used AI to translate the statute into Lean. This is the lossy step, hence we fortify it alongside the following measures:

Each part is tested against figures the IRS publishes (the Tax Table, the EITC table, the worksheets and the examples in its publications), and checked against three autonomous tax programs on 5,000 households (section 3).
A second agent, which did not compose that part, reviews it adversarially, looking for errors and for cheating, specified as code written to continue the tests fairly than to prosecute the statute.

What Lean ultimately adds is proofs that shield all input alternatively of a sample. For example, it proves that the SALT cap and the car-loan and overtime deductions never develop whenever earnings rises, at all earnings and for all filing status.

The difference alongside another tax application helps us capture logical errors. That is how we caught two mistakes in our own model. It is additionally how we established bugs in the another tools that were logical fairly than arithmetic: Tax-Calculator gives the EITC to distinct filers without checking whether the spouses lived apart, and UsTaxes never attaches Schedule C to the 2025 return, so self-employment earnings disappears.

Writing the example turned up five things:

The published Code mixes 2025 and 2026 law. In six places the consolidated Code already shows the 2025 Act’s amendments that commencement in 2026. Read without the effective-date notes, it gives the incorrect 2025 tax: the AMT phase-out at 50% alternatively of 25%, a philanthropy flat and a cap on itemized deductions that do not yet apply.
The identical Act rounds in contrary directions. The new tips and overtime deductions shrink by $100 for all complete $1,000 of earnings complete the limit, so one additional dollar of earnings can disbursal $100 of deduction. The new car-loan conclusion shrinks by $200 for all $1,000 “or part thereof”, which rounds the another way, so it runs out $999 sooner than the circular numbers suggest.
A wed brace can deduct additional province and local tax by filing separately. The conclusion for province and local taxes (SALT) is capped, and the cap shrinks as earnings rises: by 30 cents for all dollar complete $500,000 on a shared return. On a distinct return, the law halves the cap following shrinking it, so it shrinks by lone 15 cents a dollar. A brace earning $300,000 all can deduct up to $25,000 on two distinct returns, but lone $10,000 on one shared return.
The Tax Table is not the tax formula. Most group alongside subject earnings under $100,000 appearance up their tax in the IRS Tax Table alternatively of operating it out. The array differs from the equation in the law by between −$5 and +$6, and Lean proves that range for all earnings under $100,000 and all filing status.
One dollar can disbursal $8,046. Some benefits toggle off at a row alternatively of fading out. A family alongside three children can endure its entire EITC, up to $8,046, since its funding earnings is one dollar complete $11,950. The saver’s credit, a credit for withdrawal saving, plant the identical way: a brace who all put $2,000 into withdrawal accounts gets $2,000 at an earnings of $47,500, and $800 at $47,501.

3. Testing it against tax application group already use

A example is lone helpful if it gives the correct answers. To inspect ours, we built 5,000 example households and worked out all one’s 2025 tax four ways: alongside our model, and alongside three tools built by another teams, independently of all another and of us:

PolicyEngine-US, an open-source example that researchers and policymakers use to evaluation how tax and advantage changes power households;^[8]
Tax-Calculator, the Policy Simulation Library’s open-source example of the national earnings tax;^[9]
UsTaxes, a free, open-source app for preparing your own tax return.^[10]

Two thousand households were ordinary. The another 3,000 were deliberately awkward: couples filing separately, widows and widowers, students, group alongside tips or overtime, IRAs and health funds accounts, learning and saver’s credits, and incomes complete $1 myriad alongside ample funding gains.

Our example and PolicyEngine-US accepted on all fig for 4,993 of the 5,000 households. The another seven differ by at most $11, all in the EITC: our example says the IRS’s printed EITC table, during PolicyEngine-US uses the equation rearward it.^[11]

Tax-Calculator gave the EITC and the kid and reliant attention credit to wed group filing separately without checking that the spouses lived apart, which the law requires. It additionally computed no AMT for one high-earning distinct filer, anywhere two another calculators computed $14,881.

UsTaxes had 14 bugs, all confirmed by recalculating an affected household. It drops self-employment earnings without a warning, since its 2025 come back never attaches Schedule C, the form for endeavor income. Its child-care credit never reaches the return. Its age test for the EITC continually passes. And its self-employment tax counts a spouse’s wages against the cap on Social Security tax. Together, these bugs power concerning one average family in six.

The difference caught two mistakes in our own example too. We had not counted self-employment gain toward the 20% conclusion for small-business income. And we continually took the larger of the norm and itemized deductions, although the law lets you choose to itemize a smaller amount, which can pay whenever it lowers the AMT. With that fixed, one family due $2,070 less. Both mistakes showed up since two autonomous tools accepted alongside all another and not alongside us.

4. A hunt established the loopholes tax advisers already use

With a example that matches the citation software, we used it as we had used the withdrawal rules: as the oracle for a hunt that knows no tax planning. The archetypal hunt tried average choices for all of the 5,000 households, 195,787 returns in all:

file separately, and which partner holds which investments, pays which bills and claims which children;
contribute to an IRA;
earn a small less;
realize additional or small gain.

The second hunt used a multi-year family model, which adds the kiddie tax, rely taxation, Roth conversions, required withdrawals, gifts and death. It tried concerning 30,000 plans for four families complete 34 to 47 years. Everything ample that the two searches established is already in the preparedness literature:

What the hunt found	Best case	Already described by
A endeavor owner records separately to get under the §199A threshold	$6,317 a year	Kitces^[12]
The lesser earner claims the children on a distinct return	$3,090 a year	practitioner guides^[13]
Realize small acquire to remain under the EITC funding limit	$6,798 for $5,000 deferred	IRS Publication 596^[11]
Itemize a smaller amount to cut the AMT	$2,070 a year	Form 1040 instructions
Roth conversions in the gap years before Social Security	+$0.84M complete a lifetime	Kitces
Pay your children wages, and open Roth IRAs for them	+$0.46M	Kitces^[14]
Convert so the heirs do not stack ten-year withdrawals	+$0.43M–0.57M	Journal of Accountancy^[15]

As alongside the backdoor Roth, none of these was described to the search. It established them since the rules, written downward plainly, authorize them.

5. Novel loopholes we found

Three results did not rotate up in practitioner sources, IRS direction or tax-software forums.

Filing separately can cut tax on Social Security, equal for a brace living together. The norm direction is that a brace living together should never document separately whenever one draws Social Security.^[16] A distinct filer who lived alongside their partner gets no basis amount at all. But subject benefits are capped at the lesser of 85% of benefits or 85% of provisional income,^[17],[18] and the hunt established couples for whom that cap makes distinct returns cheaper. On a shared come back the operating spouse’s pay counts in provisional income, so a average pay already pushes the benefits to the 85% maximum. On a distinct come back the retiree’s benefits are measured against the retiree’s earnings alone. With $48,000 of benefits and a $60,000 wage, the brace owes $7,050 jointly and $5,568 separately, $1,482 less. A second reviewer recomputed it by hand and got the identical answer. At a $100,000 pay the outcome flips, so the opening is genuine but narrow.

Wages on one return, investments on the other. The 3.8% tax on funding earnings applies to the smaller of the funding earnings and the excess of earnings complete $250,000 jointly, or $125,000 on a distinct return.^[19] On a shared return, wages use up that threshold first. On distinct returns the investing spouse’s earnings excludes the other’s wages, and their gains commencement in their own 0% band. With concerning $200,000 of each, that saves $1,621. Every explainer gives the threshold. We established none that describes the divided or anywhere it pays.

Schedule 8812 pays additional than the statute allows. This is a gap between the IRS form and the law, not a plan. The statute caps the refundable kid credit per qualifying child, computed without the $500 credit for another dependents. The form caps the blended credit instead, so in the phase-out range, alongside no tax remaining to assimilate it, it refunds the $500 credits in cash.^[20],[21] Example: one kid and one another dependent, $240,000 of income, no tax left. The statute gives $200, the form $700. Lean proves the form is never below the statute and agrees alongside it exactly whenever there are no another dependents.

6. Why one twelvemonth of the tax code holds no big loopholes

The backdoor Roth is big since two provisions merge to eliminate an earnings bounds entirely, and the prosperity afterward compounds tax-free for decades. A sole twelvemonth of the idiosyncratic earnings tax is complete of cliffs and per-return thresholds, but all is bounded: the largest sway we established was a few thousand dollars. Over decades, the ample gains arrive from moves that are already published. The one blend we could not discover written up was paying the children in the identical years as Roth conversions, which adds concerning 0.5%. Our conjecture is that item Roth-sized and unpublished lives anywhere value moves between entities and their owners: partnerships, S corporations and C corporations.

7. Most of this can now run automatically

“The long-term issue is how this benevolent of bug-hunting can be done routinely, e.g. as part of a test suite. Some approaches aren’t really automatable, since they necessitate a lot of the two individual and AI delegate work.”

What motionless needs a individual is deciding what a finding means. Some cliffs are deliberate. Others are in the IRS’s forms, not in the law, whilst others arrive from the way the authoritative content is compiled, yet:

The content checks are routine. A new publish is one download and one command, which fails on any error the final publish did not have, and git accuse names the Act responsible.
The example is a one-off cost. Once written and proved, it is a build: if a afterward alter breaks a proved property, the build fails. When the law changes, lone the changed provisions need rewriting.
The difference is routine formerly the input mappings are right. Getting them correct was the difficult part, and the identical difference established all mapping error.

Limits

Coverage. The example covers the 2025 idiosyncratic earnings tax for a family record. It leaves out the kiddie tax on the single-year return, 28% and §1250 gain, abroad income, passive action rules, and most AMT preferences. The multi-year example holds 2025 law constant.
Who checked what. The example triage and the reviews were done by AI agents against the authoritative text, and have not been checked by a attorney or CPA.
Agreement is not truth. Where all four calculators concur they may portion a misreading. The theorems and the IRS-example tests are the inspect on the example itself.

The code, the certificates, the difference and the searches are in the lean-proofs directory of global-law.^[3]

References

Alan Yahya, ‘The auto-formalization of math versus law’ (Lexifina, 7 September 2026)
Alan Yahya, ‘LEAN evidence to hunt for US tax loopholes’ (Lexifina, 9 November 2026)
Lexifina, global-law, lean-proofs
Office of the Law Revision Counsel, ‘United States Code: download’ (release item 119-138)
Alan Yahya, ‘Git for the US Code’ (Lexifina)
Internal Revenue Service, Rev Proc 2024-40
An Act to provision for reconciliation pursuant to heading II of H. Con. Res. 14, Pub L 119-21 (4 July 2025)
PolicyEngine, policyengine-us (version 2.116.9)
Policy Simulation Library, Tax-Calculator (version 6.8.5)
UsTaxes (commit 49cd0f2, 7 November 2026)
Internal Revenue Service, Publication 596, ‘Earned Income Credit’ (2025)
‘Section 199A QBI conclusion strategies for small endeavor owners’ (Kitces.com)
‘Child tax credit for wed filing separately’ (Taxstra)
‘Tax rules for hiring children in a family business’ (Kitces.com)
‘Avoiding a big tax invoice on inherited IRAs’ (Journal of Accountancy, May 2026)
‘Should my spouse and I document distinct tax returns to evade paying earnings taxes on her benefits?’ (Maximize My Social Security)
Congressional Research Service, ‘Social Security: Calculation and History of Taxing Benefits’ (RL32552)
Congressional Research Service, ‘Taxation of Social Security Benefits and the Senior Deduction in P.L. 119-21: In Brief’ (R48613)
26 USC § 1411
26 USC § 24(d), (h)(4)–(5)
Internal Revenue Service, Schedule 8812 (Form 1040) (2025)

PyPI's redesigned project pages with clearer security signals are now live

support@mycoding.id (Riki Setiawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 16:40:52 +0700

In July, we announced a sequence of planned updates to the PyPI person interface. Shaped by user investigation alongside members of the Python community, the updates aim to enhance how we exterior safety signals and display bundle details.

We're pleased to portion that this activity is now complete and live on PyPI.

Context¶

With the fast growth of the Python ecosystem, PyPI has rotate into an increasingly appealing mark for malicious actors. In response, the PyPI squad has delivered many safety features during taking a additional energetic function in assisting PyPI users measure and comprehend bundle security.

Digital attestations, introduced in 2024, are an example of this effort, providing a verifiable document of a publish file's provenance (where it came from). However, provenance and attestations are motionless unfamiliar concepts for many PyPI users, and PyPI's interface did small to communicate their meaning, importance, or limitations.

To location this, PyPI partnered alongside Kabu Creative to bring clearer safety signals to the PyPI UI, implementing the recommendations developed in the OpenSSF Attestations Style Guide.

Here's a appearance at what's changed, what it method for you, and what actions you can take.

The New Security Tab¶

The new security tab communicates publish provenance states and displays per-file attestations, giving you a dedicated location to verify anywhere the publish records came from.

The new safety tab on a PyPI project item page

Provenance States¶

PyPI calculates all release's provenance province by checking whether all publish document has an attestation. Typically, a publish volition be in one of two states:

Full Provenance¶

This method that 100% of the publish records have attestations, carrying either or the two of the supported attestation types:

PyPI Publish attestations verify the document was published by a PyPI Trusted Publisher:

A PyPI Publish attestation on PyPI

SLSA Build Provenance attestations nexus the document rear to its exact origin commit, build platform, and instructions:

A SLSA Build Provenance attestation on PyPI

You can assessment attestation metadata immediately in the UI, or click on the transparency log nexus for additional information.

No Provenance¶

"No provenance" merely method that no document in the publish has an attestation. This is representative for older releases or projects that have not yet configured Trusted Publishing. No provenance does not necessarily signify that a publish or publish document is malicious; it alternatively method that the file base cannot be cryptographically verified.

When there is no provenance, you should depend on surrounding rely signals to measure security, specified as maintainer history, publish patterns, and repository activity. If you keep the package, regard using Trusted Publishing alongside a publisher that generates attestations for your next release.

Provenance Warnings¶

Provenance warnings are designed to assistance you acknowledge whenever a document may not have arrive from the project's maintainers, for example, if an attacker has taken complete an document or a publishing workflow.

When provenance metadata looks different or conflicts alongside a project's history, PyPI surfaces a notable warning. Many warnings have lawful explanations, but all one is value checking before you install.

Incomplete Provenance ¶

This method that several records transport attestations during others do not (e.g., wheels were published via Trusted Publishing, but the origin tarball was uploaded using an API token).

Exercise alert if you see this warning. Check publish notes for build issues or ask in the project's matter tracker before installing.

Inconsistent Provenance ¶

This alert indicates that records inside the identical publish arise from distinct build systems or origin repositories.

Check the attestation metadata to verify whether all records came from sources controlled by the maintainers.

Change of Provenance ¶

This alert tells you that the publish records originated from a distinct repository or workflow than a former release. While frequently lawful (such as an institution name alter or repository migration), it can additionally signify a compromised pipeline or document takeover.

If you see this warning, inspect the project publish notes or authoritative channels to verify that an infrastructure immigration was planned.

Loss of Provenance ¶

This method that a project that earlier published alongside attestations has changed to uploading publish records without them.

Check whether the maintainers intentionally changed their publishing process, for example by switching rear to API tokens, or by changing their publishing configuration so that it no longer generates attestations. If this is unexpected, treat the publish alongside skepticism until verified.

To study additional concerning provenance and attestations, including provenance warnings, see our user documentation.

An example provenance alert on PyPI, showing a publish alongside incomplete provenance

Redesigned Project Detail Page¶

To assistance these changes, the project item leaf has additionally been updated:

Provenance warnings now appear at the top of the page, alongside position banners for yanked releases, archived projects, and pre-releases. If a project or publish is quarantined, lone the quarantine banner is shown, as it takes precedence complete all another warnings and banners.
When a publish has complete provenance or provenance warnings, its provenance province is displayed in the sidebar, linking through to the safety tab for additional information.
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The release former tab now additionally provides additional particulars concerning all release, exposing document count, provenance state, and publish position (i.e., quarantined, yanked, archived, or pre-release).

The redesigned publish former tab, alongside publish status, document count, and provenance state

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Finally, we would akin to appreciate the OpenSSF for its backing and continued alliance in securing the Python packaging ecosystem.

security user-interface

Show HN: DeepSeek V3 in ~200 lines of pure Jax

support@mycoding.id (Riki Setiawan) — Sat, 14 Nov 2026 16:04:15 +0700

The architecture from the DeepSeek-V3 specialized report in 190 lines of clean JAX, pretrained from scratch on a MacBook Air on public-domain detective fiction.

No Flax, no Equinox, no PyTorch. Params are plain dicts of arrays and all part of the example is a function you can peruse top to base in deepseek_v3.py.

Read the write-up: DeepSeek V3 in 190 lines of clean JAX, alongside diagrams, the code explained part by piece, and the results.

Idea from the paper	What it does	Where
Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA)	Caches one small latent per token alternatively of complete keys and values: 480 → 144 numbers per token per tier here	mla, init_cache
Decoupled RoPE	One rotary key shared by all heads, kept exterior the compressed latent	rope, apply_rope, mla
DeepSeekMoE	1 shared expert that continually runs + 16 routed experts, top-4 per token	route, moe
Auxiliary-loss-free balancing	A per-expert bias nudges routing toward idle experts; it changes which experts are picked, not their weights	update_bias, route
Sequence-wise balance loss	The small complementary defeat from the document (α = 1e-4)	seq_balance_loss
Multi-token prediction (MTP)	An additional component additionally predicts the token following next, valued λ = 0.3 in the loss	forward, loss_fn
Training and generation	bf16 compute on f32 expert weights; prefill + decode alongside the MLA cache	make_train_step, generate

One run of the default config on a MacBook Air M5 (24 GB):


Model	36.2M parameters, 13.6M energetic per token
Data	207 books, 21.7M training tokens (Hammett repeated 3×); validation is held-out infringement fiction
Training	12,000 steps, ~98M tokens (~4.5 epochs), ~2.6 h
Speed	~10.7k tokens/s (median)
Validation loss	5.02 (step 250) → 3.51
Expert load, alongside bias	5.7–6.9% per expert (even is 6.25%), at stage 2000
Expert load, without bias	0.09–18.6% per expert, at stage 2000

With balancing on and off, validation defeat at stage 2000 was the identical (3.921 vs 3.923). The bias evens out the experts without costing anything, which is the paper's claim.

Its own words, from the immediate "The fog came in off the":

The fog came in off the bay, and the awesome trees were spreading and the stars were shining.

This is an architecture demo, not a powerful tongue model. See the write-up for what worked, what didn't, and what's missing.

The v1.0 release has the exact checkpoint and data from the published run. After installing (step 1):

mkdir -p data runs/main curl -L -o runs/main/ckpt.pkl https://github.com/Vaibhaav-Tiwari/deepseek-v3-jax/releases/download/v1.0/ckpt.pkl # 138 MB curl -L -o data/tokenizer.json https://github.com/Vaibhaav-Tiwari/deepseek-v3-jax/releases/download/v1.0/tokenizer.json .venv/bin/python sample.py --prompt "The fog came in off the" --num 3

The checkpoint is a Python pickle, which can run code whenever loaded. Only burden checkpoints from sources you trust.

You need an Apple Silicon Mac, Python 3.12 and uv. The published run used 24 GB of memory. No Mac? See Running on CPU.

1. Install

git copy https://github.com/Vaibhaav-Tiwari/deepseek-v3-jax.git && cd deepseek-v3-jax uv venv -p 3.12 .venv uv pip instal --python .venv/bin/python -r requirements.txt

Every type in requirements.txt is pinned. jax-metal 0.1.1 lone plant alongside jax==0.4.34, so don't upgrade JAX.

2. Check your setup

JAX_PLATFORMS=cpu .venv/bin/pytest tests.py -q # 39 passed .venv/bin/python smoke_metal.py # optional: what jax-metal supports on your Mac

In smoke_metal.py, "grad through 2-axis contraction" fails on jax-metal 0.1.1. That's expected, and the example is written to evade it.

3. Build the dataset

.venv/bin/python prepare_data.py

This downloads the 207 books in sources.txt (~120 MB, concerning 7 minutes), cleans them, trains an 8,192-token BPE tokenizer and writes data/train.bin, data/val.bin and data/tokenizer.json. It should print:

train: 211 docs, 83.4M chars, 21.69M tokens val: 4 docs, 1.1M chars, 0.30M tokens

The published run's data had these hashes:

shasum -a 256 data/train.bin data/val.bin data/tokenizer.json

d37aca97e707bb81b6e4d266cc1adfd1f3e3556457c6eb724e495118a734e0bb data/train.bin b7ac285b115e6793b5d36aa5b4bc6e81a5fccfc7af0908a306d3828ebca9c31c data/val.bin c5a142b4006a967c880dda44ad792719d53c16d947da3b6c2332d6132d9967cc data/tokenizer.json

You volition most apt get distinct hashes. The Hammett books are pinned to exact Standard Ebooks commits and arrive out identical, but Project Gutenberg records can't be pinned, and Gutenberg has since re-issued 28 of the 203 books alongside small edits (mostly accents stripped, akin "José" → "Jose"). The token counts arrive out the same, so training should behave the same.

To train on the exact identical bytes, skip prepare_data.py and download the published data instead:

mkdir -p data for f in train.bin val.bin tokenizer.json; do curl -L -o data/$f https://github.com/Vaibhaav-Tiwari/deepseek-v3-jax/releases/download/v1.0/$f; done shasum -a 256 data/*.bin data/tokenizer.json # should equivalent the hashes above

4. Train

.venv/bin/python train.py # the chief run: 12k steps, ~2.6 h .venv/bin/python train.py --steps 2000 --out runs/bias_on # balancing ablation, alongside the bias .venv/bin/python train.py --steps 2000 --out runs/bias_off --no-bias # ...and without it

Each run writes metrics.jsonl (loss, validation loss, per-expert load, biases, tokens/s) and ckpt.pkl (saved at all evaluation) into its --out folder, which defaults to runs/main. Seeds are fixed, but GPU math on Metal isn't bit-for-bit deterministic, so anticipate your numbers to district near to the ones complete fairly than equivalent them exactly.

5. Generate

.venv/bin/python sample.py --prompt "The fog came in off the" --num 3

Defaults: heat 0.8, top-k 50, 300 new tokens per example (--temp, --top-k, --n).

6. Make the figures

.venv/bin/python plots.py # needs runs/main, runs/bias_on, runs/bias_off JAX_PLATFORMS=cpu .venv/bin/python charts.py # the remainder of the write-up's charts

Both compose into post/figures/.

To redraw the figures without training, download the logs from the release: metrics-main.jsonl, metrics-bias_on.jsonl and metrics-bias_off.jsonl go into runs/main/, runs/bias_on/ and runs/bias_off/ as metrics.jsonl. charts.py additionally needs the checkpoint and the data.

Everything runs without jax-metal. It's much slower, so use the smaller config:

JAX_PLATFORMS=cpu .venv/bin/python train.py --config small

--config small (4 layers, 8 experts, top-2, 128-token context) is meant for 8–16 GB Macs too. It has lone been checked for a brace of steps, not trained to the end.

File	What it is
deepseek_v3.py	The model: config, MLA, MoE, balancing, MTP, loss, train step, cached generation. The 190 lines.
train.py	Training loop: AdamW alongside warmup and cosine decay, evaluation, checkpoints, logging
prepare_data.py, sources.txt	Download, spotless and tokenize the corpus
sample.py	Text generation from a checkpoint
tests.py	39 tests: causal masking, cache vs complete forward, routing, balancing, MTP targets, NaN handling, bf16 expert weights, and more
smoke_metal.py	Which JAX operations activity on Apple's GPU
plots.py, charts.py	The figures, all drawn from the logs, checkpoint and corpus
post/	Diagrams, figures and screenshots from the write-up

"190 lines" counts the non-blank, non-comment lines of deepseek_v3.py following its docstring:

tail -n +5 deepseek_v3.py | grep -cvE '^\s*(#|$)' # 190

Dense MoE compute. Every expert runs on all token and the unpicked ones are zeroed. The routing math is exact, but there's no sparse dispatch or expert parallelism.
No importance absorption in MLA. The latent is decompressed explicitly, which is easier to peruse and slower at inference.
Not included: FP8 training, DualPipe, node-limited routing, YaRN environment extension, and any post-training.
Scale. 36.2M parameters vs 671B, 6 layers vs 61, a 256-token environment vs 128K.

All training content is community domain in the United States: Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest, The Dain Curse, The Maltese Falcon and Continental Op stories (CC0 editions from Standard Ebooks), affirmative concerning 200 detective and infringement novels from Project Gutenberg. Every origin is listed in sources.txt. Public-domain position exterior the US may differ.

DeepSeek-AI, DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report, 2024.

Code: MIT. The training content is community domain in the US (see above).

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