When Russian air strikes knocked out Ukrainian power flora throughout the nation before this year, most of the Black Sea harbor city of Mykolaiv in southeastern Ukraine was unable to pump caller h2o to the city’s accommodation blocs. But in an easterly suburb of Mykolaiv, drinking h2o flowed from galley taps, as it has since final twelvemonth gratitude to a small off-grid sun-related site tucked inconspicuously into its midst. Paul Hockenos reports.

The two sets of elevated arrays and battery, funded by the Danish government, run the underground pump on its premises.
‘There’s fair adequate sun [in January/this winter thus far] to create it work,’ says Olena Kondratiuk, project director of Ecoclub, a non-profit that assists municipalities in obtaining renewables.

The city of Mykolaiv, lone 60 kilometres from Russian-occupied territory, had been battered in 2022 whenever the Russian armed forces launched its complete intrusion of Ukraine, pummelling the city alongside missiles, rockets and collection bombs. The shelling laid discarded to homes, hospitals, schools and factories. The bombardment additionally impaired the chief h2o provision system, leaving most of the approximately half-a-million-strong town near the frontline without regularly flowing water.

‘Of way I’m blessed to have operating h2o again, I don’t attention how,’ an older inhabitant named Iryna told me. Until the sun-related park commenced operation, her taps discharged salty water, accessed from a nearby estuary, whenever item dripped from them at all. She either purchased drinking h2o or filled synthetic jugs alongside caller h2o from mobile community tanks, and asked neighbours to transport them up to her fifth-floor apartment.

Other districts of Mykolaiv – the city is a country-wide pioneer in renewables – additionally obtain caller h2o on document of distributed sun-related technology. Five solar-powered desalination systems rotate saline or polluted h2o into drinking h2o – whenever the sun shines. At night and on cloudy days, they are powered by the chief grid – that is, if it’s up and running. The system, among the largest of its benevolent in Europe, can provision 250,000 residents alongside 1.2 myriad litres of drinking h2o a day. The Mykolaiv children’s hospital and the maternity hospital volition dependable their energy provision alongside sun-related panels in the way of this year, as are a dozen others elsewhere in the country.

Since the war’s onset, Russia has relentlessly targeted Ukraine’s energy infrastructure – for the most part, overwhelmingly bulky, old-school thermal flora and the huge country-wide grid – in an attempt to lame the war attempt and attack downward its people. Last winter was the gravest yet: attacks against coal, gas, cogeneration and hydropower plants, as fine as transfer grids and their substations, remaining elephantine swaths of the nation alongside irregular power and warmth as temperatures have plummeted to minus 20 degrees centigrade. Many schools and another community services that were unable to reopen following Christmas are motionless closed today. Economists evaluation that total damage to Ukraine’s energy field now exceeds $56 billion.

US environmentalist Bill McKibben argues that Ukraine’s autonomous power sources are ‘comparatively invulnerable to attack’. In our new era of drone warfare, writes McKibben, centralized and complex energy accommodation are now ‘sitting ducks for drone attack’. Smaller, ‘scattered’ generation sources alongside batteries and autonomous transfer grids, akin the Mykolaiv fields, are not lone harder for Russia to strafe, but they’re much additional quickly repaired, too. This is in difference to petrochemical refineries, which McKibben calls ‘one of the most complex machines humanity has always constructed’, and frequently shield hundreds of acres. These are ‘filled alongside extremely complex equipment and extremely flammable hydrocarbons; hit one border alongside a drone and the flames and the damage are apt to dispersed quickly’.

‘A charcoal power position [is] a ample sole mark that a sole missile could obtain out,’ says Jeff Oatham of DTEK, Ukraine’s largest energy investor. ‘You would need about 40 missiles to do the equal amount of capability damage at a breeze farm.’ And, akin breeze parks, a sun-related site functions equal whenever part of it is out of operation.

Ukraine is revamping its energy scheme at warp speed for the intent of energy security, not climate protection. ‘Ukraine’s energy passage is not a slogan,’ says Levgeniia Kopytsia, a Ukrainian energy expert at the think container Institute for Climate Protection, Energy and Mobility. ‘It’s a security-driven transformation, unfolding under extreme constraints. It priorities decentralization, flexibility, and speed of recovery.’ In wartime Ukraine, renewables and local grids are coldly calculated safety assets, Kopytsia says, that can boost the system’s resilience – and in Ukraine this translates into preservation lives.

Ukraine’s change distant from fossil fuels began before the full-scale invasion: its negotiations to associate the EU necessitate it to modify to the bloc’s climate criteria, and in 2021, Ukraine pledged to be charcoal liberated by 2035. For safety reasons, there are currently no community figures accessible for energy production.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), this former summer, Ukraine made ‘strong strides’ in rebuilding and bolstering its system’s resilience. The renewables rollout was – and motionless is – led by rooftop solar, small-scale usefulness PV generation and local storage, as fine as biomass combustion.

Before Russia seized three of them in 2022, there were 34 breeze parks in Ukraine alongside about 700 turbines – and additional in the works. Ukraine has seven gigawatts of breeze power in the pipeline, prepared to go this year, should conditions be fortuitous. This would additional than triple the country’s current capacity, which in 2022 constituted complete 20 per cent of its renewable mix.

The relentless waves of airborne attacks on infrastructure prompted an epiphany in Ukraine’s energy sector: a new, younger set of energy managers – that replaced the Soviet-style old defender – are completely committed to distributed energy – the faster the better, they say. They average to twice the country’s renewable energy use in fair four years’ time.

While the war has sidelined the rollout of the likes of large-scale projects, specified as breeze turbines, households, businesses and community institutions have been installing sun-related at an unprecedented rate. Ukraine’s YASNO, a usefulness supplying power and gas to millions of Ukrainians, says its customers are snapping up the sun-related and retention packages that it offers. An astounding fact: on sunny days, Ukraine equal boasts energy surpluses.
The German Ukrainian Energy Partnership, a phase for intergovernmental conversation on energy matters, estimates that Ukraine’s possible to add sun-related capability in the next five years is equal to concerning 80 medium-sized nuclear reactors. ‘The field is emerging as among the fastest-developing renewable markets in Eastern Europe,’ according to its website.

‘Individual consumers desire to get off the grid any way that they can,’ explains the Ukrainian energy expert Andriy Martynyuk. ‘It’s mostly a grassroots event and a bit disorderly now.’ He argues that the petition for renewables volition fire up additional whenever the prodigious province subsidies for accepted energy eventually autumn away.
This boom, of course, begs for retention options, and there too Ukraine is racing forward. In abbreviated order, the country’s national grid controller invested in fractional a gigawatt of retention capability final twelvemonth – an notable score, according to experts who note that it is fair under a fourth of Germany’s total retention supply. The power division projects that in Europe obtain two years to rotate out, in Ukraine happen in six months, reports the Financial Times.

Renewables aren’t the lone origin of distributed supply. Ukraine envisions large-scale diesel generators, biomass accommodation and smallish gas turbines, including blended warmth and power plants, as integral to its scattered energy supply. ‘Distributed generation is those accommodation that have up to 20 MW capacity,’ explains Roman Nitsovych of DiXi Group, a Ukrainian think tank. ‘Gas-fired units have multiple advantages: guaranteed output of accessible power, accelerated start, and flexibility.’

No matter how intent Ukraine is concerning diversifying its energy system, it’s going to necessitate a centralized grid. The larger provision options, akin the gas-turbines and breeze parks, necessitate a functional transfer network, including the substations that the Russians regularly target. The Ukrainians’ playbook is to put them underground – fair as it now does its schools – making them resistant to Russian weaponry.

The views and opinions in this part do not necessarily indicate those of the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union | Global Dialogue.

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My chief job is application engineering, but I’ve continually been curious in medicine. A companion turned me onto the idea in college, and it rattled about my caput for years. I delayed for a lengthy time — until finally, in 2024, I took a duration off and got my EMT.

Here are actual reasons I delayed getting my license, sorted loosely by ridiculousness:

Not ridiculous

1. It volition obtain a lot of my spare time.

   Yes; my accelerated category (NOLS Wilderness EMT) took 28 successive days. I was lone capable to obtain the category since Microsoft switched to unlimited vacation, my chief was great, and I had the prosperity to fly to Wyoming for the way (the customary substitute is a semester of night school!). And to be a fine EMT, you have to really obtain calls on an ambulance, hopefully additional than the representative “1 weekend a month” minimum.

2. I won’t akin the culture.

   Yes. This was a huge barrier: I had an awful cognition alongside several archetypal responders a few years following college — bad adequate that I gave up on getting my EMT for a while.

   There are a lot of burned-out group in EMS. Many services — including the one I saw — are incredibly fratty, to be charitable. Lord assistance you if you are a woman. You volition comprehend many excuses for these issues, but, yes, civilization is a huge concern.

Kinda ridiculous

3. I won’t fit in alongside the people.

   This is akin to culture, but a bit additional silly. Yes, archetypal responders lean to be a tight-knit, hereditary community. NYC firefighters, for example, frequently arrive from big firefighter families. But archetypal responders (especially volunteers!) additionally arrive from all backgrounds — the individual who onboarded me into my current stance is a PM at another tech company.

4. I won’t fit in alongside the students.

   So perchance EMTs were ok — but what concerning the EMT students I would study with? Wouldn’t they all be 18-year-old adventure junkies or jocks?

   Yes, most were, and they were awesome. My way was complete of enthusiastic 18-year-old pre-meds who were enthusiastic to learn, and multiple group my age, who wanted to study medication for the identical reasons I did.

   If you’re nervous, I think it helped that I chose a Wilderness EMT program in July. It filters to that crowd.

5. I desire to concentration on my day job instead.

   I would frequently regard studying EMS (Emergency Medical Services) whenever my day job wasn’t going well. And so it would continually be a bit of a sign that I should refocus at work — onto additional meaningful things.

   While that’s a fine signal, it’s alright to put energy into things beyond work. And, formerly I got my certificate, balancing activity & EMS has been straightforward.

6. I don’t desire to activity on an ambulance.

   Yup — I never dreamed of riding on an ambulance. Some group really do. It’s their vocation. It’s not mine.

   But no one forces you to stage onto an ambulance formerly you have your EMT. You can just… cognize how to do CPR really well. That’s a really chill accomplishment to have.

7. I don’t comprehend the range of practice.

   If you’re not an EMT, it’s not excellent apparent what an EMT can do. On the one hand, it’s not fair “driving an ambulance,” but on the another hand, you need a paramedic for most grave calls. In several sense, it kinda is “knowing how to do CPR really well.” I trained alongside the identical AEDs any layperson uses (EMTs aren’t allowed to use manual defibrillators), but I trained many, many additional times than a layperson (plus I get to use oxygen).

   But, as before, the training is motionless beautiful cool. I loved all bit of archetypal aid training I got; EMT academy was fair as fun.

   

   
   

8. It’s difficult to discover a unpaid job.

   Kinda. Big cities lean to have all-paid staff; unpaid positions are a bit farther out. But not that much farther out: equal ignoring religious services akin Hatzalah in NYC, Hoboken throughout the h2o has unpaid EMS. It’s, like, one halt on the PATH. (Volunteering in Seattle or near San Francisco is additional difficult).

   I didn’t desire to activity a part-time position — then it would fair be another job, and I akin my current job. But unpaid jobs are straightforward adequate to find, particularly if you have a car.

9. The certificate is fair gonna expire if I don’t use it.

   The civilization obstacle was powerful adequate that, for a time, I was convinced never to associate an ambulance company. If you’re not on an ambulance, it’s extremely difficult to fulfill the NREMT’s continuing learning requirements, so your certificate volition quickly expire.

   But, again, it’s OK to study material without preparedness to use it anywhere. And isn’t uninterrupted learning part of the point?

10. I wanna do hunt and rescue instead.

    Again, trying to evade ambulances, I established hunt and rescue. Search and rescue (SAR) is badass. A snippet from one SAR inclination packet:

    If you have registered and do not display up at training that weekend, we volition create all attempt to find you, and we are amazing at finding people.

    But in my bosom I continually wanted to treat people; and whenever I met SAR folks, it was apparent that I wouldn’t be an productive EMT without cognition on a truck.

    
    

11. I should do easier, cheaper prep first.

    I did 😃. I peruse books and Reddit posts. I took CPR and Stop the Bleed classes. I took a weekend Wilderness First Aid category alongside NOLS (strongly recommend!).

    But I motionless craved more. At a certain point — as I citation in How this location works—just do the genuine thing.

12. It’s expensive, and getting new credentials is an costly hobby.

    Indeed! My way disbursal concerning $5,000, not including airfare, renting a car, & taking holiday for a month. You can do this for much cheaper (a representative way is about $2,000 and does not necessitate 28 days vacation), but $2k is motionless fairly costly for several fun.

    But if you’ve done the cheaper stuff, if you’re still curious following so many years, if you’re excited concerning using your prosperity for an cognition akin this… how could it perchance be a waste?

13. I have no genuine use for it.

    So I signed up alongside no genuine use for it! After years of delay, I started an EMT way alongside no plans to use it after. I was merely enthusiastic to learn.

    Working on an ambulance following was basically a blessed accident, anywhere I met a squad I happened to like. But it’s continually fine to study item for its own sake.

Ridiculous

14. I don’t really wanna study this anyway.

    For person who “didn’t desire to do this,” I certain spent a lot of period on Reddit study concerning what the job would entail. I certain signed up for a lot of First Aid classes. I certain told a lot of group I was interested.

    I volition continually be a application engineer: it’s fair who I am. And I learned during training that full-time EMS was not for me, following observing a female negotiate alongside coverage to see if they’d shield the chopper that would preserve her husband’s life.

    But not curious in learning this at all? Not being capable to assistance people; to be a origin of calm whenever things are really on fire? Nonsense.

15. I won’t akin the work.

    EMTs do menial work. They burden & unload stretchers. They fold blankets, restock, and spotless ambulances. EMTs are basically the least-trained medicinal personnel in any emergency (ignoring the odd EMR). They cannot diagnose; they prosecute fixed protocols, and they defer to better-trained personnel for item additional serious than a damaged arm.

    Descriptions of EMT activity inadvertently create the job appear directly heroic or glamorous: waking up at 3AM to hurry a bosom assault tolerant to the ER. It is not. The bulk of the job is waiting around, doing paperwork, cleaning, and assistance up narrow driveways. It is extremely frequently boring & aimless.

    But that tedium is since you are waiting & prepared to help. So it is indirectly glamorous. As an EMT, I get to put on a uniform, and, during we’re at Dunkin Donuts for coffee, motion at the kids staring at the shiny ambulance.

    Who wouldn’t akin that work?

16. The category won’t create me a fine EMT.

    I concerned that an EMT certificate would be basically useless: that it would not instruct me everything I expected, or that I’d motionless need additional training on the job.

    Both things are true. I learned a lot, but upon strolling onto an ambulance for the archetypal time, it was apparent how much additional there was to know. Every another EMT knows so much additional than I do.

    But that’s the most magic part of being an EMT. It opens up an complete cosmos of new things to learn. It is the minimum qualification you need to act this world: to activity alongside firefighters and paramedics and doctors and social workers and hunt & rescue and catastrophe reply personnel — and to see what you desire to study next.

17. EMTs lone cognize ambulance stuff.

    A akin grievance I see on Reddit is that an EMT way lone really teaches how to run an ambulance. That it is not helpful for anyone curious in self-reliance or broad endurance skills since it requires supplies & logistics lone accessible in a complete EMS system.

    Not lone is that demonstrably false (my Wilderness EMT certificate is specifically for scenarios anywhere supplies are constricted and elimination is difficult), it’s additionally unhelpful. What alternatives are there? Become a doctor? Join the National Guard?

    Again, EMT is the fastest, easiest way to rotate into a archetypal responder. A fine EMT way teaches you to be calm & helpful in terrifying situations. A fine EMT job drills that in. When that’s not enough, you’ll be prepared for deeper qualifications.

    That was several of the most unhelpful direction I established before getting my EMT. Ignore it.

    
    
    
    

18. I can study a lot concerning endurance on my own.

    That’s the thing — you cannot study this alone. EMS services have spent decades learning how to assistance group effectively, and most of that cognition is not yet accessible on YouTube.

    This makes the worst services fratty, complete of insider cognition that they refuse to share. But the finest services rotate into places to learn, to rotate into the next part of a sequence that goes rear to the archetypal community Freedom House ambulances in the 60’s.

    There is fairly a lot of medication you can do on your own in a bunker. But there is fairly a lot additional that you can’t. You do that medication the way we continually have — as part of a team, operating alongside hundreds of another people.

19. I volition desire to rotate into a paramedic and discontinue my job.

    This is my favorite excuse: that I would akin the activity so much it would guide me to discontinue my tech job, prosecute 2 additional years of school, and rotate into a full-time paramedic. In another words…

20. I power bask it.

    It got to the item anywhere I avoided EMT academy because I power bask the work. That it would hoover up my liberated period and energy, drag me from my another hobbies, or equal my career. I concerned I would toss everything for the thrill of riding in a truck alongside sirens on.

    That happens to several folks. It has not happened to me. I akin the EMS activity I do, but I additionally adore my tech job. This volition not astonishment anyone who knows me, and it shouldn’t have amazed me. And, actually, how awful would it be to discover item so exciting that it drags me into a new career? It should have been apparent to me that this, of all things, was an excuse.

    An excuse not to do item scary and new.

Because it is scary

This is the silliest, truest, biggest logic I delayed so long:

21. It is scary.

    It is scary to custom medicine. It is scary to study new things. It is scary to be liable for being calm on the worst day of someone’s life; and for me it was, oddly, scarier to associate a category complete of strangers — strangers who would be much younger & on extremely distinct lifepaths.

    I arrive from the earth of application engineers and agency buildings. Of nine-to-fives and dish bowls. EMS is a extremely distinct world. Stepping into that world, without being certain it was anywhere I wanted to be, was terrifying.

    It took a lot of period to reckon alongside that.

Because, ultimately, I am fine at inventing reasons not to do things.

I affection researching material before I do it. It’s fun to difference options, to see what another group think, to try to buy the best digital keyboard or sojourn the coolest museums in Rome. But I can get stuck. I perseverate — I revisit uncomplicated decisions complete and over.

There are many lawful reasons not to rotate into an EMT, fair akin there are many lawful reasons not to go on that vacation, or observe that scary movie, or go to that commission equivalent meetup. You do not have to do any of those things — you do not have to want to do any of them. I have no desire to see fear films (to my wife’s chagrin). But I kept wanting to be an EMT, notwithstanding all my reasons not to.

Perhaps you awareness the same.

If you are delaying doing item scary and new, too, think: are you inventing reasons not to do it? Maybe you should do it anyway.

You power bask it.

Thanks to NOLS and the NOLS WEMT students for making the way so awesome. Thanks to NHVA for welcoming me. Thanks to Javier Valencia, Jaime Romo, & Dan Walker for the NOLS photos. Used alongside permission. Thanks to Atherai Maran for editing.

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Home Assistant already knows which bins (trash cans, for the global readers) are due for collection. It can inform me it’s bin night, put the correct colours on a dashboard, and dispatch me a reminder. What it can’t inform me is whether I’ve really done item concerning it.

I’m beautiful certain most group would fair set a recurring reminder on their phone. As my spouse volition no doubt inform you, I am not most people. Some would fair recall to put the bins out, akin a normal person. I’m fine conscious that I’ve ridiculously over-engineered this. I’m additionally so far from normal that six radio-equipped bins seemed akin an fun way to expend my evenings ;)

I had an idea a figure of years ago to rod cheap Bluetooth tags on my wheelie bins and use an outdoor Bluetooth proxy to activity out whether they were nearby. It was frustrating. The batteries drained quickly, the proximity readings wandered about, and the proxy was unreliable in that particular installation. I wanted to cognize whether a bin had moved. I mostly acquired another item to fiddle with.

AirTags were what archetypal got me intrigued by ultra-wideband radio, or UWB. Reading additional concerning how it worked brought the bin idea back. Over the final few weeks it’s rotate into BinRange: a fixed broadcast anchor, six small power division tags, and a Home Assistant setup that combines anywhere the bins have been seen alongside whenever they’re due. There’s a printed enclosure, tradition firmware, and wireless updates as well. All of which is a fairly significant answer to “have you put the bins out?” :D

I leaned heavily on Codex throughout the build. Astra became accessible part-way through, and I was really inquisitive to see how it would do. What I affection concerning operating alongside AI is how quickly I can obtain an idea, react to the result, provision it several feedback, and have item alternatively to try. There’s plentifulness to compose concerning that in another articles. For now, rear to the bins.

Six bins, multiple schedules

We have one broad discarded bin, one food compost bin, one storyline discarded bin, two recycling bins, and a pane bin. Six bins. At one house. They’re not equal all on the identical gathering schedule. I’m grateful that the Waste Collection Schedule integration for Home Assistant scrapes the council’s schedules and keeps track of what’s due, since keeping that direct is a job in itself.

With the cheap Bluetooth tags, the way to evaluation extend was RSSI - received indication power indication. You measure how powerful the received indication is and use that to conjecture how far distant the tag power be. The difficulty is that signal strength depends on far additional than distance. Walls, parked cars, reflections, antenna orientation, and differences between the radios and their antennas all power it. Even power division voltage can power the transmit power on several hardware, depending on how the equipment is designed. A weaker indication could average the bin has moved additional away, or it could average item got in the way. It’s a extremely imprecise way to evaluation distance, which explained why my first setup was so frustrating.

UWB was engaging since it measures the time taken by broadcast signals to journey between devices. That gives a extend measure without having to conjecture it from indication strength. It motionless has to get a indication through the surroundings, of course. Choosing a distinct broadcast doesn’t create parked cars disappear.

I additionally spent a during detoured into an scholarly inquiry concerning how many anchors I’d need to add additional dimensions to that awareness. What if I wanted to cognize the direction as fine as the extend from a point? Or the bin’s exact location - how many fixed citation points would I need to triangulate it on a 2D plane? Totally not value it for this job, but tangential thoughts be tangential thoughts.

For the bins, I lone needed to cognize whether all one had moved far adequate from its customary retention area to figure as Out. One anchor was adequate to commencement evaluation that. I used a ten-metre boundary: inner is Home, beyond it is Out, whenever there’s a caller reading. It’s particular to my installation, but it meant I could commencement alongside one powered commission fairly than rotate the storyline into a positioning test range.

Two boards and a stroll outside

The archetypal test used two Makerfabs ESP32-WROVER/DW3000 boards, the two powered complete USB. Before doing item clever alongside Home Assistant, I wanted to see them measure a distance. A local web perspective let me distinct them and observe what happened without needing a USB cable stretched between the two.

The antenna inclination made a amazingly ample difference. At concerning ten metres, changing the boards from flat to upright took the observed achievement charge from 37% to 100% in that test. A slower broadcast environment alongside a longer introduction additionally worked anywhere the first accelerated environment struggled. These were helpful discoveries to create before designing item about the archetypal result.

The archetypal period I calibrated it alongside a strip measure and watched the reported extend differ from my measure by small than two centimetres, my intellect was utterly blown. Two small boards were exchanging broadcast signals and agreeing alongside a strip measure to that degree.

In the afterward recorded test, a measured gap of 10.1 metres produced an average study of concerning 10.09 metres, alongside a norm deviation of three centimetres. That was encouraging for a project which lone needed to recognise a bin leaving a retention area. The under-two-centimetre outcome was what I saw in that archetypal calibration, fairly than a commitment of that accuracy for all tag, orientation, or outdoor position.

The outdoor stroll was additional revealing. Readings were dependable to approximately thirty metres, afterward intermittent additional out. The furthest recorded study was 37.28 metres, alongside gaps. A car could obstacle the way completely. Holding a commission upright in the open and mounting a small tag below a bin rim were plainly going to be distinct tests.

The anchor publishes its readings complete MQTT, and Home Assistant discovers a distinct equipment for all tag. I considered an ESPHome component, but it wasn’t adding much to the institution I wanted. There’s no additional BinRange server or haze service, and the radios can keep ranging during Home Assistant or the MQTT association is unavailable.

Something small adequate to put on a bin

The betterment boards were helpful for proving the link. I didn’t desire one hanging off all bin, alongside a power division and an improvised box attached. The bin-side hardware needed to be a small, self-contained puck.

I explored tradition tags and business ones, alongside the crucial inquiry being whether I could run my own firmware and use them alongside my own anchor. A small UWB tag isn’t automatically compatible alongside another UWB product. The packaged tags I eventually bought were KKM K4Ws, alongside an nRF52833 processor, a DW3110 broadcast and a LIS3DH accelerometer. They obtain removable CR2477 coin cells (which, btw, are several chonky boy coin cells! I’ve not seen them before, thems fat).

The two Makerfabs boards came to US$123.64 including shipping. Ten example tags at US$25 each, a programming jig and shipping came to another US$330. Those are what the test disbursal at the time, fairly than a current buying catalog or the disbursal of a completed six-bin kit. I doubtful I should evade calculating a payback period.

The provider stated the tags could run my firmware and offered a jig to attain the programming connections. I was far additional curious in the hardware they were supplying and knowing that programming admission wasn’t locked out in several way. None of their existing application features mattered to me. Claims concerning power division existence were meaningless for my use formerly I was going to be the one deciding whenever the CPU slept and what woke it up.

I’m beautiful acquainted alongside nRF52 devices. I’ve used them for years, going rear to my period at rlab. They create brilliant small low-power microprocessors, blessed to expend most of their lives asleep. If you’re clever alongside your scheduling and interrupts, you can drag these things out for years on a small power division in the correct application. That was much additional engaging to me than any the supplied firmware happened to do.

I used a spare Nesso equipment as a programming investigation for the pogo-pin jig. I started alongside a betterment tag, afterward commissioned the packaged ones one at a time: program it, established its identity, brace it, tag it, allocate it to a bin, and put it rear together. There are multiple identities involved, including the printed label, the part identity, and the addresses used by the radios.

Side note: the cases the tags were supplied in had apparently distinctive serial numbers printed on them, alongside QR codes containing those serials. Presumably they assist several intent in the supplier’s inventory firmware and software. I couldn’t discover any affiliation alongside the embedded devices’ MAC addresses or akin identifiers, so they were basically useless to me. Which is a shame really - if they’d been the broadcast MAC addresses, for example, that would have been useful!

The manufacturer had connected the accelerometer’s interrupt output to a GPIO pin on the nRF, which is incredibly useful. It method I can let the nRF sleep for extremely lengthy periods, dispatch no broadcast traffic during that sleep, and awaken it up whenever a bodily event happens. Once things resolve down, it returns to occasional check-ins, alongside the UWB broadcast sleeping between attempts. The firmware default is ten minutes whenever stationary; I’ve since changed the installed fleet to thirty minutes using controls in Home Assistant, during keeping the five-second moving reports.

That should evade spending the power division often reporting that a bin is motionless sitting anywhere it was. How much existence it really buys is item I motionless need to measure. I’m collecting voltage and action information, but a short, fairly flat voltage trace doesn’t provision me a defensible evaluation in months or years. I’m certainly not curious in using the bulk of the battery’s existence reporting its own voltage. That seems low value ;)

Updating six bins without taking them apart

Once a tag is mounted, beginning it up and putting it rear on the programming jig all period I alter the application becomes fairly unappealing. The anchor can now provision signed firmware updates to paired tags complete Bluetooth. The former use is retained so a bad update can rotate back, and the scheme lone reports achievement formerly the tag is operating the exact expected depiction and has confirmed its own health.

Testing and iterating on this kind of item is another awesome use of AI. Codex helped me create and simulate a entire range of test conditions and nonaccomplishment modes, afterward activity through them to create deploying firmware to one of these things complete the air as harmless as possible. I tested corrupt images, interrupted transfers, selected power-loss points, and watchdog recovery. I additionally tested what happened whenever the anchor wasn’t there: the tag needs to verify that it’s fit without a broadcast reply, fairly than forsake operating firmware since it can’t attain the anchor.

Going from one tag to multiple established a distinct kind of problem. A document in the Bluetooth archive had been sized for the figure of simultaneous connections fairly than the figure of paired devices. Adding a additional tag could neglect equal although its keys had been stored. Fixing that meant a new bodily tag could brace without clearing the existing ones. Six bins gave the application a improved questioning than one agreeable demo tag.

I’ve since updated the installed anchor and all six tags wirelessly without re-pairing them or reaching for the jig. I’m pleased concerning that. Some before association attempts needed retries, though, so I motionless desire additional evidence before calling the entire procedure reliably unattended. The programming investigation remains the rescue route.

The box took multiple goes

The anchor needed a case, which became its own small project. It started as an OpenSCAD scheme alongside screws. The archetypal fit inspect was promising, but small nuts and bolts, PLA tolerances, and a commission that could motionless rattle made the gathering additional annoying than I wanted.

I wanted a case made entirely from printed PLA, alongside no screws: tapered locating pins for the board, printed springs to clasp it down, and a lid that stayed on. The pins and springs worked. The lid could move about all complete the place.

An inner lip improved the fit. Deeper catches improved the retention, but I could motionless drag the lid off too easily. Making those catches as profound as the partition seemed akin the apparent next attempt, until the two roots bankrupt during insertion. That type was outstanding at becoming two pieces of damaged plastic.

The improved alter was to overlap the basis and lid walls and use multiple shallow catches. A brace of tweaks to the locating pins and vents later, I had a case that held the commission correctly and stayed shut. I was extremely pleased alongside it, which likely says item concerning how many lids I’d pulled off by then.

That quick iteration alongside Codex was particularly fun for the case: I could refine the design, inspect it, and imprint it. I motionless had to choice up the outcome and discover out whether the lid cut off. A geometry inspect can established that two shapes should fit together; it doesn’t inform me whether a capture volition last being pushed into place.

The anchor is now partition mounted, alongside the printed case inner a larger outdoor electric box alongside its power components. That engaged another Amazon order. The applicable bits were:

• A clear-cover outdoor electric box, listed as IP67 and 8.7 × 6.7 × 4.3 inches (£27.99).
• A DIN-mounted 12V DC power provision (£11.09).
• A DC-to-USB-C PD module to rotate the 12V provision into USB-C power.
• A Type A RCBO, listed as 10A alongside 30mA residual-current safety (£14.00).
• Three metres of 2.5mm² twin-and-earth cable (£11.99).
• A right-angle USB-C power pigtail alongside a 25cm lead. I lone needed one, but they came in a six-pack (£5.99).

That small USB-C PD component is a beautiful cool, different device. It takes the 12V nourish and provides USB-C Power Delivery. I can see myself ordering another.

Those are the prices on my order, fairly than current quotes. A weatherproof box, power supply, USB-C power module, protection, cable, and USB leads for a reminder to put the bins out. I know.

All six bins have their tags fitted. At that item I was emotion fairly optimistic that it was all working.

Reminders and Notifications

The Waste Collection Schedule integration deserves a lot of credit here. Scraping the council’s agenda saves me maintaining multiple recurring dates and remembering which blend of bins is due. BinRange adds bodily data concerning the bins, and Home Assistant puts the two together.

The average dashboard shows the next collection, compact bin states, and item needing attention. The ranges and broadcast diagnostics have their own view. I akin looking at the specialized details, but checking tomorrow’s bins shouldn’t necessitate interpreting a broadcast trace.

The reminders are grouped into one communication for the applicable bins: at 6pm and 9pm the evening before collection, afterward a final reminder at 6am if they’re motionless confidently Home. At 6pm the following day there’s a reminder to bring rear bins motionless Out. The automation remembers its attempts so a rerun doesn’t keep sending the identical message.

An unavailable study shouldn’t outcome in an allegation that person forgot a bin. Likewise, the average bring-in reminder lone knows the gathering was scheduled and the bin is motionless out. It doesn’t cognize whether the squad emptied it.

I additionally wanted a communication whenever the bins had fair been emptied. There was an apparent enticement to appearance at movement, period of day, and the gathering agenda and call that enough. Looking rear at one gathering showed how small those clues could established whenever tags stopped reporting for much of the day. A awaken oppose could inform me there had been activity, but it couldn’t inform me who handled the bin or why.

The tags already had accelerometers, so I added a additional particular clue. Relative to a calibrated upright position, a sustained tilt beyond ninety degrees records a tip event. The tag keeps that event through a reception gap and reports its age whenever it next reaches the anchor. Home Assistant can treat a latest tip on a due bin known to be Out as an assumption that it has been emptied.

The archetypal automation checked for pending tips all five seconds. That felt excessive for item that happens a few times a week, so I changed it to an MQTT event stream alongside a timer that lone runs during there’s a deadline pending. Qualifying bins are grouped for sixty seconds, alongside saved province to suppress repeats and assistance improvement following a Home Assistant restart. Scheduled reminders remain the fallback.

First test in prod

On 28 September I had a Garden gathering I could analyze properly. The bin started moving at concerning 7:05am and traversed the ten-metre border shortly afterwards. Reports afterward stopped arriving during it was away. When it reappeared at concerning 10:25am, it carried a stored tip from about 9:27am, and afterward traversed rear into the Home area and settled down.

The tag had detected and retained the tip. Departure and come back were visible. But the tip was concerning fifty-eight minutes old by the period Home Assistant received it, beyond the automation’s thirty-minute acceptance limit. The “just emptied” communication didn’t send. Other bins had continued reporting, and there wasn’t an MQTT nonaccomplishment at the anchor during the gap. I motionless don’t have an established clarification for that tag’s deficiency of reception at the gathering position.

That was a helpful correction to my optimism. The broadcast could create convincing measurements, the tag could detect a tip, and the dashboard could appearance right, during the phone motionless missed the emptying notification. Checking a genuine gathering gave me a much improved catalog of what needed attention.

It additionally changed how I wanted to display a bin that had gone quiet. Originally, an Out study became Unknown formerly it was stale. That was cautious, but following observing the bin depart and afterward endure communication at the kerb, replacing Out alongside Unknown stopped being extremely helpful.

The live setup now remembers an observed departure as presumed Out, equal through misplaced communication or a Home Assistant restart. Reception health is shown separately. A caller study inner the border is needed to come back the bin Home. If it was final seen Home and afterward goes silent, it becomes Unknown, since I never saw it leave. Return reminders can use presumed Out; put-out reminders motionless need caller evidence that the bin is Home.

That makes the display nearer to what I really know.

Waiting for additional bin days

BinRange is installed and in use. (As I category that, I realise I’ve earnestly pigeonholed this alternatively general-purpose tool 🤔)

There’s motionless several fairly average study to do: safety at all retention and gathering position, multiple complete cycles alongside the correct notifications delivered, power division behavior complete weeks, and how the mounting and enclosures oversee outside. I additionally desire updates to nexus dependably without me retrying. I am not really construction this for broad use by another people, but if others are inspired and desire to try item similar, or repurpose any of this, they (or their robot friends) are greeted to.

The repository has the firmware, case files, measured findings, and Home Assistant examples if you’d akin a look. This is my hobby project, and I’m motionless finding out how fine it behaves outside.

Of course, now I’ve seen what UWB can do, I’m wondering whether I could put tags on the cats’ collars and use four anchors about the home to map anywhere they are. Could I get centimetre-level cat tracking? I haven’t tested that, and the bins have already demonstrated how much surroundings and broadcast safety matter. But I’m extremely tempted.

Most group would likely fair appearance for the cat.

Pretrained content classifiers you can run and retrain on CPU.

Install uv, then:

uvx --python 3.12 \ --from "jeffy-classify @ git+https://github.com/nicobrenner/jeffy.git@v0.1.0-alpha.7" \ jeffy-serve

Open http://localhost:8400, choice a classifier, and paste one of these:

13 classifiers container alongside the package. Weights are logistic regression coefficients (derived example parameters, not copies of training data). Source datasets and licenses are documented in ATTRIBUTION.md.

Test accuracy on held-out splits. Details in data/eval_results/benchmark.json.

Weaknesses: SNLI (65.6%) and tweet_eval_sentiment (66.2%) are below what task-specific models achieve. Emotion (75.5%) has constricted category coverage. Probabilities are uncalibrated.

uvx --python 3.12 \ --from "jeffy-classify @ git+https://github.com/nicobrenner/jeffy.git@v0.1.0-alpha.7" \ jeffy-train --example --save-dir my_models

Loaded 24 examples from reviews.csv Training 'reviews': 24 examples, 2 classes Split: 19 train, 5 test Test accuracy: 100.0% Saved to my_models/reviews/ 

--example uses a bundled 24-row merchandise assessment CSV. To bring your own:

uvx --python 3.12 \ --from "jeffy-classify @ git+https://github.com/nicobrenner/jeffy.git@v0.1.0-alpha.7" \ jeffy-train --input your_data.csv --text-col content --label-col tag \ --task-id your_task --save-dir my_models

Supports .csv, .tsv, and .jsonl.

JEFFY_PACK_DIR=my_models uvx --python 3.12 \ --from "jeffy-classify @ git+https://github.com/nicobrenner/jeffy.git@v0.1.0-alpha.7" \ jeffy-serve

curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8400/v1/predict \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -d '{"text": "The power division existence is amazing", "task": "reviews"}' # → {"label": "positive", "confidence": 0.87, ...}

git copy https://github.com/nicobrenner/jeffy.git cd jeffy # With uv (recommended) uv venv && uv pip instal -e . # Or alongside pip python -m venv .venv && source .venv/bin/activate pip instal -e .

The archetypal prediction downloads the shared encoder (bge-large-en-v1.5, ~1.2 GB, cached afterward).

from jeffy.engine import Engine engine = Engine() engine.load() # List accessible classifiers for name, cap in engine.capabilities.items(): print(f"{name}: {cap.description} ({cap.n_classes} classes)") # Classify text result = engine.predict("banking77", "I was charged twice for the identical transaction") print(result["label"]) # "transaction_charged_twice" print(result["confidence"]) # 0.999 print(result["probabilities"]) # {"transaction_charged_twice": 0.999, ...}

# Banking intent curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8400/v1/predict \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -d '{"text": "I was charged twice for the identical transaction", "task": "banking77"}' # → {"label": "transaction_charged_twice", "confidence": 0.999, ...} # Spam detection curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8400/v1/predict \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -d '{"text": "WINNER! You have been selected for a liberated cruise. Reply YES to claim.", "task": "sms_spam"}' # → {"label": "spam", "confidence": 0.91, ...} # News topic curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8400/v1/predict \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -d '{"text": "The Federal Reserve raised involvement rates by 25 basis points on Wednesday", "task": "ag_news"}' # → {"label": "Business", "confidence": 0.86, ...}

curl -s http://localhost:8400/v1/capabilities | python3 -c " import json, sys for c in json.load(sys.stdin)['capabilities']:  print(f\"{c['task_id']:25s} {c['n_classes']:3d} classes {c['test_accuracy']:.1%} {c['name']}\")"

Each shipped classifier has a manifest.json alongside tag names, origin dataset, HuggingFace path, stated license, encoder identity, training/test counts, and integrity hashes.

curl -s http://localhost:8400/v1/capabilities/banking77 | python3 -m json.tool

from jeffy.train import train_classifier clf = train_classifier( texts=["great product!", "terrible service", "fast shipping", "broken on arrival"], labels=["positive", "negative", "positive", "negative"], task_id="my_reviews", ) result = clf.predict("the norm exceeded my expectations") print(result["label"]) # "positive" clf.save("my_models")

Start alongside the defaults. With <50 examples per class, anticipate noisy estimates.

# Install alongside build dependencies uv pip instal -e ".[build]" # or: pip instal -e ".[build]" # Retrain all 13 heads from origin datasets (~40 min, downloads ~5 GB) jeffy-build --out data/model_pack # Evaluate on held-out test sets alongside tuned baselines jeffy-evaluate --baselines --latency --device cpu

• SST-2: Evaluated on validation divided (official test labels are not public).
• SMS Spam: Random divided (test_size=0.2, seed=42); no norm benchmark split.
• SNLI: Input encoded as premise [SEP] hypothesis. Label -1 filtered.
• CLINC-OOS: 151 classes including out-of-scope. In-scope accuracy 96.5%, OOS finding 51.7%.
• MASSIVE: English lone (config en).

Runtime memory: ~2 GB (encoder loaded once, shared throughout all heads).

Latency (CPU, sole example, Linux aarch64):

Bundled pretrained artifacts use numpy .npz format (portable, no pickle). Custom-trained models additionally preserve a joblib pickle backup. Only burden tradition pickle artifacts from trusted sources. Each artifact's manifest.json includes integrity hashes verified on load.

Jeffy code is MIT-licensed. Head artifacts are derived from community datasets; redistribution permissions have not been independently verified for all sources. See ATTRIBUTION.md for per-dataset licence status.

The encoder (bge-large-en-v1.5) is MIT-licensed.

Verified alongside clean-environment rotor and sdist instal on Linux aarch64, Python 3.12, scikit-learn 1.9+, sentence-transformers 6.1+, numpy 2.5+. Pretrained artifacts use numpy .npz format, avoiding sklearn type coupling.

• No zero-shot / broad classification. Each project needs a trained head. Unknown tasks come back an error.
• No LLM fallback. This publish is clean embedding + classifier.
• No automatic project routing. You must define which classifier to use.

Suggestions for datasets, capabilities, or workflows are greeted as issues.

Read next

GitHub was built for a earth anywhere humans compose code, arrange it into repositories, and collaborate through branches, commits, issues, and drag requests.

But the next generation of application is going to be built alternatively since it is going to be built by a distinct benevolent of developer: agents.

Agents are already penning additional code than always before — they’re fixing bugs, construction features, penning tests, reviewing changes, updating dependencies, and doing the regular care required to keep an use running.

So in this new earth anywhere you have hundreds, or equal thousands, of agents operating on the identical codebase at the identical time, what does the basis appearance like?

How do agents cognize what another agents are operating on? What happens whenever they create conflicting changes? How do you assessment everything they produce? How do you keep track of not fair what changed, but why a alter was made?

And so the burning inquiry is: What does the next GitHub appearance like?

We desire you to assistance us answer it, by construction it out.

Earlier this year, we launched Artifacts, a versioned filesystem that speaks Git and can measure to millions of repositories. From the start, we designed Artifacts as a set of programmable primitives that developers could use to build their own products, workflows, and abstractions.

Artifacts provides the foundation: repositories that can be created and forked programmatically, versioned retention for code and delegate context, and the Git operations agents already cognize how to use.

With that basis in place, you can concentration on the tier complete it: how agents coordinate their work, how changes are reviewed and merged, and what the developer cognition should appearance akin whenever hundreds or thousands of agents are operating on the identical codebase.

That is the tier we desire you to build.

Now that Artifacts is in open beta, we’re holding a competition to see who can build the next Git phase on Cloudflare using Workers and Artifacts.

Artifacts is in open beta. Here’s why you should build on it

When we launched Artifacts, our goal was to create it imaginable to create a repository for all agent, session, task, or person — and to do that at the measure agents require.

Since then, we’ve seen developers use Artifacts in a range of ways: Vibe-coding platforms are using it to shop the projects their users create. Developers are using it to persist the code and environment from delegate sessions. Others are creating secluded repositories, so multiple agents can safely activity from the identical starting item and difference or merge the results later.

Here are several new capabilities we’ve added since the first launch.

Deploy Artifacts repos to Workers

You can now nexus an Artifacts repository to a Worker through Workers Builds. When you or an delegate pushes code to the Artifacts repository, Cloudflare volition build the project and, for the manufacturing branch, deploy the updated Worker. Pushes to another branches automatically create or update Workers Previews, giving you an isolated, shareable type of your Worker anywhere you can test changes before they go live.

You can nexus an existing Worker to an Artifacts repository or commencement a new project and automatically shop it in Artifacts.

Manage Artifacts immediately from Workers

You can engage alongside Artifacts repositories immediately from a Worker using an Artifacts binding to create or fork repos, inspect records and commits, and matter repo-scoped Git tokens. This makes your Git workflow programmable. When a new project arrives, a Worker can fork the project for an agent, peruse the records it needs for context, and provision it a repository to activity in. When the delegate pushes a change, your automation can inspect the outcome and commencement a review. You define those steps in code to fit how your agents work.

For example, here’s how to fork a project for a new delegate project and peruse its AGENTS.md for instructions:

using project = await env.ARTIFACTS.get("my-project"); const { defaultBranch } = await project.info(); const workspace = await project.fork(`task-${crypto.randomUUID()}`);  using repo = await env.ARTIFACTS.get(workspace.name); const instructions = await repo.readFile({  ref: defaultBranch,  path: "AGENTS.md", });  const agentTask = {  remote: workspace.remote,  token: workspace.token,  instructions: instructions ? await instructions.text() : null, };

React to all alter alongside event subscriptions

Artifacts publishes events whenever a repository is created, imported, forked, deleted, pushed to, cloned, or fetched. You can subscribe to these events to decide what happens next: run CI, boot off a code assessment agent, or deploy a change.

For example, you can subscribe to Artifacts shove events and have a Worker commencement a code assessment workflow for all push. The Worker passes the repository, branch, and new commit to the Workflow, giving a assessment delegate the environment it needs to inspect the change:

export default {  async queue(batch, env) {  for (const message of batch.messages) {  const event = message.body;  if (event.type !== "cf.artifacts.repo.pushed") continue;   await env.REVIEW_WORKFLOW.create({  params: {  namespace: event.source.namespace,  repo: event.source.repoName,  ref: event.payload.ref,  commit: event.payload.after,  },  });  }  }, };

Data jurisdiction for Artifacts repos

You can now choose anywhere Artifacts stores and processes your repository data. Set a U.S. or EU jurisdiction whenever you create a namespace, and all repository created in that namespace volition automatically prosecute the identical restriction.

curl "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/accounts/$ACCOUNT_ID/artifacts/namespaces" \  -H "Authorization: Bearer $CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN" \  --json '{"namespace":"my-eu-namespace","jurisdiction":"eu"}'

View Artifacts metrics

You can now see metrics for your Artifacts repositories in the Cloudflare dashboard. For all repository, you can now see total operations, pulls, pushes, errors, and error rate, assisting you comprehend how the repository is being used and place failures. You can additionally query Artifacts metrics directly to build your own dashboards or monitoring.

Pricing

Artifacts pricing is according to repository operations and the amount of data stored. We volition commencement billing for Artifacts use on October 15, 2026.

Competition: Build the next Git phase on Cloudflare

We desire you to build your imagination for the Git phase of the agentic era using Cloudflare Workers and Artifacts.

You could rethink repositories, branches, drag requests, worktrees, code review, and merge conflicts — or build new ways to maintain delegate context, difference multiple changes at the identical time, and decide which one should ship.

We aren’t looking for GitHub as it exists today alongside agents added on top. At a minimum, we desire to see multiple agents operating on changes concurrently. Beyond that, we desire you to get imaginative — what you think comes next.

How to enter

Submit:

• A 5-10 infinitesimal video demonstrating what you built, what it enables agents and developers to do, and how it works
• A nexus to the origin code, which must be provided under a permissive open origin licence (MIT, Apache, BSD)
• Instructions for operating or trying the project

Deadline

Submissions are open until October 14, 2026.

Why should you participate?

We’ll choose the top three projects and fly up to two members from all squad to San Francisco to act Cloudflare Connect and display what they built.

The first-place squad volition additionally obtain $25,000 in Cloudflare credits, alongside alongside invitations to the VIP speaker meal on Monday night at Connect.

Get started

Artifacts is available in open beta to customers on the Workers Paid plan.

Get started alongside your coding agent: copy the immediate below to set up your archetypal Artifacts repository and commencement pushing code to it.

You can perspective or create the Artifacts repositories in the dashboard or if you’re looking to study more, inspect out the documentation.

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Posted on 2022-05-06

Last updated on 2024-03-13

These are several technical tips for publishing a blog. These have nothing to do alongside fine content, fair how to portion that content. The recommendations are approximately in command of importance and have rationale for why they are that important.

Formats

People mostly call feeds “RSS Feeds” but normally they aren’t specifically talking concerning RSS. RSS isn’t the only, or equal the finest format. Using a standardized format is crucial to your nourish being understood by the widest assortment of readers and hunt engines.

You should use RSS 2 or Atom. These formats are extremely extensively supported. Other average formats are before RSS standards and JSON Feed or Microformats h-feed. I would evade using these—or equal small average formats—as they are small extensively supported.

If you don’t have a nourish yet I would extremely propose Atom. The specification has much small ambiguity, so you are small apt to have compatibility issues alongside the broad assortment of clients in use. The specification is additionally simpler and additional apparent overall. If you already have an RSS 2 nourish there is small logic to upgrade.

A minimal Atom template is below. For complete particulars see the spec. If you need an example you can appearance at my feed.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"> <title>{{FEED_NAME}}</title> <id>{{HOMEPAGE_URL}}</id> <link rel="alternate" href="{{HOMEPAGE_URL}}"/> <link rel="self" href="{{FEED_URL}}"/> <updated>{{LAST_UPDATE_TIME in RFC3339 format}}</updated> <author> <name>{{AUTHOR_NAME}}</name> </author> <entry> <title>{{ENTRY.TITLE}}</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="{{ENTRY.HTML_URL}}"/> <id>{{ENTRY.PERMALINK}}</id> <published>{{ENTRY.FIRST_POST_TIME in RFC3339 format}}</published> <updated>{{ENTRY.LAST_UPDATE_TIME in RFC3339 format}}</updated> <content type="html">{{ENTRY.HTML}}</content> </entry> </feed> 

There is extremely small logic to provision feeds in multiple formats. If you have an Atom nourish you don’t need to provision an RSS nourish as well.

Changing nourish format is safe. Very few readers volition be confused if a nourish switches between Atom and RSS. This can be done either by changing the nourish at the identical URL or by redirecting new a new URL. (Just be certain to update the content type)

Content Type

Be certain to set the Content-Type header properly.

• Atom: Content-Type: application/atom+xml
• RSS: Content-Type: application/rss+xml
• JSON Feed: Content-Type: application/feed+json

You volition see another values used in the wild, but these are the norm values and have the widest support.

Absolute URLs

Every URL in your nourish have to be absolute. While Atom has plainly stated how to determine related URLs they are rarely implemented correctly. In command to justify that your nourish can be understood by all readers use lone complete URLs (starting alongside https://).

This includes all <link> elements and the summary and build of posts (including in the HTML).

Discovery

On all of your blog pages and apt all leaf of your location you should contain metadata to advertise you feed. This volition authorize readers and hunt engines to subscribe and rotate into conscious of your new content. This is as uncomplicated as providing the following in your HTML:

<link rel=alternate title="Blog Posts" type=application/atom+xml href="/feed.atom"> 

If you have multiple feeds you can advertise them all alongside suitable titles.

<link rel=alternate title="All Posts" type=application/atom+xml href="/feed.atom"> <link rel=alternate title='Posts in the "Social" category' type=application/atom+xml href="/feeds/social.atom"> <link rel=alternate title="Comments on this Post" type=application/atom+xml href="/post/hello-world/comments.atom"> 

Make certain that you use the accurate category for your feed. The examples provided are for Atom feeds.

Prefer to put the “most important” nourish at the top. Many clients volition maintain the command whenever presenting feeds to the user. This is subjective but typically would be a whole-site feed, afterward category feeds, afterward a comment nourish for the particular page. If you recommendation your feeds in multiple formats I propose lone promotion one (either Atom or RSS 2). Including multiple links to the identical satisfied in multiple formats may confuse possible subscribers or depart them in inspection paralysis. (How do they cognize that the satisfied is the same?)

You can validate that this is operating correctly by putting your website URL into the W3C Feed Validation Service. If your links are set up correctly it should detect and validate your feed. Try out a few distinct pages to create certain that you have finding operating everywhere. Try your homepage, article lists leaf and an idiosyncratic article page.

If it is difficult to modify the HTML a Link header in the HTTP reply can be used. However, this isn’t as extensively supported. Using HTML <link> tags is preferred for wider compatibility.

Link: /feed.atom; rel="alternate"; type="application/atom+xml" 

You should additionally contain a nexus alongside an RSS logo for users without another nourish indicator.

HTTPS

HTTPS is key to safety and privacy on the internet. Providing feeds complete HTTPS ensures person privacy and ensures that your nourish is not modified by a malicious actor.

1. Reference all embedded media (such as images) complete HTTPS. Many readers volition run in a safe environment anywhere HTTP requests are not allowed.
2. Provide the nourish complete HTTPS.
3. Ensure that your self link is HTTPS.
4. Redirect HTTP requests to HTTPS.
5. Consider using Strict-Transport-Security.

Full Content

It is mostly recommended to provision the complete satisfied of your posts in the feed. This is what most readers prefer. For RSS and Atom the <content> component should merge the complete article. Atom additionally has a <summary> component in which to contain a shorter summary for readers who favor it.

Of way sharing complete satisfied in feeds is unacceptable to several publications because of the difficulty of monetizing these views. First, regard that several readers may depart if they can’t perspective the complete satisfied in their nourish reader. Even if they don’t see your ads they may portion your satisfied alongside allies or on news aggregators. Likely it is motionless additional precious for you to have this audience than to endure them.

If your satisfied is paid regard allowing users to create personal links by providing an auth token. For example /feed.atom?user=peruserauthtoken. You can additionally use basic auth akin https://fred:peruserauthtoken@blog.example/feed.atom nevertheless this is supported by small readers than providing a token in the URL way or query string.

Entry IDs

Entry IDs are the chief way to acknowledge and differentiate entries in your feed. If your admission IDs alter or repeat, readers volition obtain duplicates or young female entries.

1. Never alter the ID of an existing article.
   • If you alter your ID scheme, justify that it lone applies to new entries.
2. Never reuse Entry IDs for distinct articles.
3. Prefer to use part permalinks for Entry IDs.
4. Prefer to create your Entry IDs globally distinctive throughout all feeds in existence.
   • Some readers volition merge feeds together, distinctive IDs assistance justify there are no issues.
   • The easiest way to accomplish this is to use a URL on a domain that you control. If that isn’t imaginable you can use a UUID specified as urn:uuid:f4a3ca5b-5799-44e8-aaaa-e40728f037d3.

Dates

Both Atom and RSS differentiate between period of publish (the period the admission archetypal appeared in the feed) and the period of final update (the final period the admission was changed). Be certain to grip these correctly.

1. Include a publish time.
2. The publish period should never change. An admission can lone be published once.
3. Prefer making the publish period approximately equivalent whenever the admission appeared on the feed. Some readers volition disregard entries that were published in the far past.
4. Strongly evade having entries commencement appearing in the nourish in a distinct command than their publish period suggests. (For example evade having an item alongside a published period of 14:00 commencement appearing in the nourish at 14:00 afterward have an item alongside the published period of 13:00 commencement appearing in the nourish at 15:00. Some clients volition be doubtful that they already cognize concerning the 14:00 item but don’t yet cognize concerning the “earlier” 13:00 item.) Another way of viewing this is that all new item that appears in a nourish should have a published period that is afterward than all items earlier in the feed. Some clients volition disregard these “backdated” entries equal if the published period is fairly recent.
5. Avoid forthcoming publish times. If a publish period is too far in the forthcoming many readers volition disregard it as a bug.
6. Update period have to be greater than or equal to the publish time. New entries should have these two be the same.
7. Update period should lone alter on significant updates. Slight formatting changes or typo fixes likely shouldn’t alter the final update time. Most readers disregard the update time, several volition resurface your part as “updated”.

Feed Title

The heading of your nourish is apt used by default in the user’s reader. Many readers have options to override the title, but it is additional activity for the person and not universally supported. Try to choice a fine heading for your feed.

1. Include context. The heading is apt one of many feeds in their reader. For example call it “Kevin Cox’s Blog” fairly than “Blog Posts”.
2. Keep it succinct. The person is already subscribed, no need to advertise more. For example “John Smith” or “John Smith’s Photography Blog”. Not “John Smith — Ramblings on Photography all Tuesday and Friday, Cameras, Film and Development — Exclusive Content”.
3. Avoid HTML particular characters specified as < > and &. In RSS it isn’t entirely apparent if you can contain styling akin <b> tags in your nourish title. Very few readers volition parse HTML and volition nearly continually treat the heading literally.

You can update your nourish heading at any time, but it may be confusing to users if it changes too frequently.

Styling

Feel liberated to use CSS in your feed! However, keep in intellect that many nourish readers don’t use contemporary browser engines and may be constricted in what they can render. Additionally, many nourish readers volition sanitize your nourish so rare elements and tradition CSS may be partially or entirely stripped. But don’t let that halt you! Using HTML and CSS can greatly enhance the cognition for users alongside fine readers. Consider the following tips:

1. Consider what volition happen if any CSS doesn’t apply. For example if you set background: black; color: pale and among the two rules is stripped you volition have unreadable text. In broad favor to create small adjustments fairly than relying on CSS for theatrical changes.
2. Prefer inline CSS manner attributes to distinct <style> blocks. They have wider compatibility.
3. Prefer semantic elements specified as <p>, <h1>, <pre> and <code> complete emulating their manner on <div>s and <span>s.
4. Don’t depend on JavaScript, nearly no readers assistance it.
5. Provide fallbacks for <audio>, <video> and <iframe> tags. Support isn’t common.
6. Avoid form and input elements. Support is rare and incompatible.

Unfortunately there is no substitute for evaluation in assorted readers to see what works.

Self Link

Ensure that the self-link for your nourish is accurate.

<link rel="self" href="https://kevincox.ca/feed.atom"/> 

This provides the following benefits:

1. Allows you to move your feed. Some readers volition update the nourish URL if they get a imperishable redirect and the redirect mark contains a oneself nexus that points to itself.
2. Improve cache hits. It is average for users to discover minor variations of your nourish URL. For example http: alternatively of https:, /feed vs /feed/, www.example.com vs example.com, feed.atom?tracker=lookatme or ?category=rant&content=full vs ?content=full&category=rant. By providing a canonicalized oneself nexus you can merge these to decrease variance and addition you cache hit rate.
3. Required for WebSub.
4. If the person has a copy of the nourish document they can subscribe to it. For example several nourish readers volition act as document handlers for feeds. If the document contains a oneself nexus afterward they can use that URL to subscribe and fetch updates. If the document doesn’t have a oneself nexus it isn’t imaginable to do that.

Caching

Feeds are followed by changeless polling. This can create a decent amount of burden on your server. Setting cache headers can assistance authority the readers. If you don’t provision any direction all client volition choice their own value, which may be too accelerated or dilatory for your feed. If you create a recommendation several volition prosecute it. Try to choice a sensible value according to whenever you post. If your blog updates monthly afterward caching for an hr would create sense. However, if you are posting many times a day, a five infinitesimal cache may be additional suitable.

Example cache headers:

• 5 min: Cache-Control: max-age=300
• 15 min: Cache-Control: max-age=900
• 1 h: Cache-Control: max-age=3600

If you use scheduled posts and desire to get extremely fancy you can change the cache period according to whenever the next article volition go live. But a fixed cache period is sufficient.

Conditional Requests

Support conditional requests on your feed. This makes polling additional productive for the two you and your users.

Return an ETag and/or Last-Modified header. Then come back a 304 reply if the nourish hasn’t changed. See HTTP conditional requests on MDN for additional details.

WebSub

WebSub is a norm for real-time nourish updates. Not lone does it shove your updates out faster, but it additionally reduces burden on your server.

You can use a public hub or run your own. Note that a hub can modify or inject satisfied into your feed, so be certain you rely the hub you pick.

I can’t discover fine generic setup instructions but the Google hub has essential instructions on their homepage. Maybe I’ll compose a guide one day…

Bot Access

If you use any bot-blocking innovation be certain to rotate it off (or rotate it way down) for your feeds. They are intended to be consumed by bots! Otherwise users volition have difficulty accessing your nourish and volition not cognize concerning your new content.

Many popular sites have problems here. I’ve written concerning this in the past. Make certain that you aren’t hurt by defaults of assorted services.

Categories

Categories are a dependable way to display items in feeds. It is far improved to let person subscribe for one category—or all categories but one—than to endure a subscriber since they were annoyed by a subset of your content.

For Atom feeds adding categories is as uncomplicated as one element. For example this article contains the following markup in my feed:

<category term="RSS"/> <category term="Guide"/> 

For RSS 2 the syntax is fair slightly different:

<category>Rant</category> 

Some readers don’t assistance categories, so you may desire to regard generating distinct feeds for distinct categories or providing a URL indicator to your nourish to display by category. Personally I wouldn’t concern concerning this.

Changing URL

As much as imaginable you should evade changing your feed’s URL. But if you need to do it current is how to do it without losing many subscribers.

1. Make the nourish accessible at the new URL in supplement to the old URL.
2. Make certain the oneself nexus of the new nourish points at the new URL.
3. If you use WebSub, commencement pinging your hub for the two URLs whenever you post.
4. Redirect the old URL to the new one alongside a 308 Permanent Redirect.
5. If you use WebSub you should continue pinging the old URL for at smallest 3 months or the max subscription life of your hub (whichever is greater).

Remember that that several subscribers volition not move. Try to keep the redirect living as lengthy as possible. After an extended duration of period you may regard replacing the redirect alongside a nourish that has an admission notifying readers of the new location. But an ounce of safety is value a lb of cure, try picking a fine URL (that you control) from the start.

CORS

CORS or Cross-Origin Resource Sharing is a kludge to fix several holes in the first web safety model. It adds restrictions to what requests web pages can create and controls what they can see concerning the response.

This is applicable for feeds as without opting-out of CORS browser-based readers that fetch feeds client flank volition not be capable to admission your feed.

For feeds the following headers are adequate and safe for all feeds:

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * 

This method that your nourish can be requested as a community asset (notably no cookies volition be sent).

To test it out you can navigate to any third-party webpage (such as https://example.com) afterward run the following Javascript in the developer console:

fetch("https://YOUR_FEED_HERE").then(r => r.text()).then(console.log, console.error) 

If the satisfied of your nourish gets logged than you are all set. If you get an error afterward item has gone wrong.

Performance

While small and local nourish readers lean to use uncomplicated study rates many larger services use a assortment of heuristics to decide whenever to inspect your feed. If you don’t assistance WebSub you should aim to react to nourish requests in small than 1s. If your nourish is slower, particularly if it is slower than 3 s polling volition apt be slowed downward and you readers volition get updates slower.

The items below this item are comparatively unimportant. They are a fine idea if you are creating a merchandise or nourish generator but apt not value the period if you are fair making a nourish for your own blog.

Summaries

Some readers volition display abbreviated snippets as an part preview. Providing a summary in your nourish gives them elevated norm satisfied for a fine person experience. If you don’t provision an definitive summary they volition apt use your archetypal paragraph or archetypal brace of sentences of your chief content.

Pagination is a helpful tool for keeping your nourish archive accessible during keeping the size of your latest items small. It is stated in RFC 5005: Feed Paging and Archiving. Unfortunately, few clients have support. However, adding assistance in your nourish doesn’t have any downsides, so it is motionless a fine idea.

Pagination is extremely easy. Just add the following nexus to your feed.

<link href="https://kevincox.ca/feed/2022-03-05.atom" rel="next"/> 

Then on consequent pages additionally contain a prev link. Of way the final leaf won’t have a next link.

<link href="https://kevincox.ca/feed.atom" rel="prev"/> <link href="https://kevincox.ca/feed/2022-01-21.atom" rel="next"/> 

When deciding how ample to create your pages recall that not all clients volition assistance pagination, so you don’t desire to move new entries off your archetypal leaf too quickly. I provision the following recommendations. Note that these are fair broad rules and have to be applied judiciously. For example if you article 20 times a day you likely don’t need to keep 7 days of satisfied in your feed. Similarly, if your posts are lone a paragraph or two you can likely keep a few additional on the archetypal page.

1. Ensure your newest items are on the archetypal page.
2. Try to keep items in the nourish for at smallest a day. Some clients inspect fairly infrequently. If reasonable, keep items for at smallest a week.
3. Avoid making the nourish too large, fine under a megabyte is recommended.